RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS

Question 1

• acute rhinitis or coryza. occurrence increases during rainy season. Close personal contact is common. Sneezing, nose blowing, contamination of external surfaces w/ nasal secretions.

Answer 1

Common cold

Question 2

• main cause of common cold. Affect nose & conjunctiva, killed by gastric acid when swallowed.

Answer 2

Rhinovirus

Question 2

• 2nd most common cause of common cold.. SARS(severe acute respiratory syndrome) implicated in 2002.

Answer 2

Corona viruses

Question 2

• tonsillitis, tonsillopharyngitis, nasopharyngitis

Answer 2

Pharyngitis

Question 2

• illness of childhood, in cold weather months. Common cause adenovirus . Fever occurs. self limiting 4-10 d.

Answer 2

Nasopharyngitis

Question 2

non enveloped DNA viruses, causes variety of URT & LRT disease. ( pharyngitis, common cold.

Answer 2

Adenoviruses

Question 2

(laryngitis, laryngotracheitis, laryngotracheobronchitis) characterized by inspiratory stridor, cough hoarseness,
sealbark results to obstruction in larynx. Occur w/n 1st 3 yrs of life. Can be caused by RSV (resp syncitial virus) MOT: resp
droplets

Answer 2

Croup

Question 2

-occurs in assoc w/ strep pharyngitis, caused by strep pyogenes strains that produced erythrogenic toxin.
Pinkish red rash on skin. strawberry appearance of tongue. As disease progresses, skin peels off →sunburned. Tx: Pen G

Answer 2

Scarlet fever

Question 2

• allergies, w/ large tonsils or adenoids, dental & ear infection. Pathogen: H. influenza, Strep. Pneumonia

Answer 2

Sinusitis

Question 3

-inflammation of auditory canal. Pseudomonas, Staph, aureus common cause. Prevention: minimize swimming

Answer 3

Otitis externa

Question 3

• inflammation of middle ear. Cough & coryza prior to infection. S. pneumonia, H.influenzae, RSV, adeno, rhinovirus
  Most common s/s : Otalgia-ear pain, otorrhea(ear discharge), tinnitus (ringing in ears).

Answer 3

Otitis media

Question 4

• mainly upper resp tract. Caused by influenza virus.MOT: resp droplets Has 3 immnulologic types
  Influenza A
  Influenza B
  Influenza C

Answer 4

Influenza

Question 5

responsible for cases of epidemics & pandemics. Also the cause of influenza in birds (avian flu)

Answer 5

Influenza A –

Question 6

• mainly epidemics 2 types of antigenic change in Influenza A and B.

Answer 6

Influenza B

Question 7

• minor shift, due to accumulation of point mutations in gene results to amino acid changes

Answer 7

Antigenic drift

Question 8

• major change, involve rearrangement of gene segments, results in dev of new strains.
  –Responsible for pandemics, occurs only in influenza A

Answer 8

Antigenic shift

Question 9

• antigenically stable, causes mild illness. No antigenic changes

Answer 9

Influenza C

Question 10

• Etiologic agent: Corynebacterium diphtheria Gm (+)non spore forming rods, club-shaped arranged in V or L
  shaped formations, giving rise to Chinese character appearance. Produce toxin.

Answer 10

Dipththeria

Question 11

• an inflammatory condition involving bronchi. Recurrent bacterial infection often precipitate by viral infections

Answer 11

Chronic Bronchitis

Question 12

• severe inflammatory condition involving bronchioles. Most commonly caused by RSV.(Respiratory Syncitial Virus).

Answer 12

Bronchiolitis

Question 12

(whooping cough):
Etiologic agent: Bordatella pertussisGm (-) rod. Pathogenic for humans.
MOT: Airborne
droplets. Highly contagious. occurs in infants & young children. 3 stages: Catarrhal, Paroxysmal, convalescent
3 STAGES:
- Catarrhal- most contagious stage. Manifests mild URTI no specific s/s
- Paroxysmal- series of 5-20 forceful,hacking cough, w/ copious sputum ends in inspiratory breath whoop).
During paroxysms, tongue protrudes, eye bulges, neck vein engorge.
- Convalescent

Answer 12

Pertussis

Question 13

• Typical Pneumonia, Atypical Pneumonia, Lobar Pneumonia- involve entire lobes Interstitial Pneumoniato interstitial spaces. Bronchopneumonia- involved bronchus and alveoli
• . inflammation of interstitial spaces. Common caused by RSV, Parainfluenza virus,
  influenza

Answer 13

PNEUMONIA

Question 14

• aka woolsorter’s disease, inhalation of spores to lungs. S/s resembles influenza progresses to pleural
  effusion, septic shock, death. DOC: Ciprofloxacin. Doxycycline- alternative drug

Answer 14

Pulmonary anthrax

Question 15

• Etiologic agent: mycobacterium tuberculosis-acid fast, obligately aerobic bacillus. Cell wall has mycolic acid.
  MOT: person to person- resp aerosol- generated by coughing of infected individuals. Kissing, ingestion of
  unpasteurized cows milk, (gi tuberculosis by M. bovis), fomites (utensils, glass wares)

Answer 15

Tuberculosis

Question 17

- Hemophillus “blood loving" - Found in mucous mem of URT in man H. influenza Type B most Virulent Strain - Infection in children 6mos to 6 yrs Enters through RT Humans only reservoir - Sinusitis Otitis media Epiglotittis Meningitis Bronchitis Pneumonia - DOC: Cephalosporins Ampicillin Prevention: Hib vaccine

Answer 17

Haemophilus influenzae

Question 17

- Gm (+) lancet Shaped diplococci - Aka pneumo Coccus Capsule-main virulence - Normal habitat Of URT 5-40% MOT- droplet Secretions Most common Cause of CAP - Rusty sputum Dx: Gm Stain Quellung reaction (capsular swelling) Optochin sensitivity - DOC: Pen G

Answer 17

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 18

- Smallest free Living organis - Can self replicate in laboratory media ABSENCE OF CELL wall Resistant to Penicillin - Atypical Pneumonia “walking Pneumonia” Dx: Serologic testing - DOC: Macrolides (Azithromycin) Tetracycline Doxycycline

Answer 18

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Question 19

- Opportunistic Pathogen Nosocomial Infection Common in alcoholics - Found in large intestine soil, water Has Very Large Capsule- anti Phagocytic -Lobar pneumonia w/ thick bloody sputum (currant jelly) sputum - Infections in Elderly, diabetics Alcoholics Necrosis & Abscess

Answer 19

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Question 20

- Gm (+) rod w/ Gm (-) type of Cell wall - Major virulence is LPS – lipopoly saccharide - Assoc w/ air Conditioners & Water cooling towers - Pontiac fever – Mild flu lke form Does not result in pneumonia - Legionnaire’s Dse- high fever Mental confusion Non bloody diarrhea - DOC: Azithromycin

Answer 20

Legionella Pneumophilia

Question 21

- Gm (+) cocci - Most common cause of nosocomial pneumonia In many hosp - Can occur in post Operative Patients following Viral RTI - Leads to Empyema (Lung abscess) - DOC: Nafcillin

Answer 21

Staphylococcus aureus

Question 22

- Gm (-) bacilli - Major cause of nosocomial pneumonia - From Contaminated respirators - Results in Necrotizing pneumonia

Answer 22

Pseudomonaaeruginosa