INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY Flashcards
(68 cards)
1
Q
- study of organisms that are so small that cannot be seen with the naked eye.
A
Microbiology
2
Q
Greek word, “mikros” meaning ________; and “bio”
meaning _______
A
small
life
3
Q
Logos/logia =
A
study of
4
Q
– Latin germen = to explain disease causing cells that grew quickly
A
Bacteria or Germ
5
Q
- can cause illness
A
Pathologic
5
Q
- 3 major groups of animals: parasitic protozoa, parasitic helminths (worms), & arthropods
- Directly cause disease or act as vectors of pathogens
A
Parasitology
6
Q
- Some of these microorganisms cause illness in human which are called “_____________”
A
pathogens
7
Q
- Microbes encompass a vast array of organisms
- This includes bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, prions, protists, protozoa and algae, collectively known as ‘microbes’.
- Their diversity and adaptability make them essential to ecosystems and human health.
A
MICROBIAL DIVERSITY
8
Q
- This includes bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, prions, protists, protozoa and algae, collectively known as ‘___________’.
A
microbes
8
Q
- Study of bacteria
A
Bacteriology
8
Q
Branches of microbiology can be classified into ______and ___________________.
A
pure AND applied sciences
9
Q
- Organisms are thoroughly investigated.
A
Pure Microbiology
10
Q
A
11
Q
- Study of the immune system. It looks at the relationships between pathogens such as bacteria and viruses and their hosts.
A
Immunology
12
Q
- Study of fungi, such as yeasts and molds
A
Mycology
13
Q
– Study of parasites. Not all parasites are microorganisms. Protozoa and bacteria can be parasitic; the study of bacterial parasites is usually categorized as part of bacteriology.
A
Parasitology
14
Q
- Study of algae; not medically important because it doesn’t cause much illness
A
Phycology
14
Q
- Study of viruses
A
Virology
15
Q
- The discovery of microorganisms revolutionized science. From _________________ first observations to ____________________, the history of microbiology is rich with milestones and breakthroughs.
A
Leeuwenhoek’s
Koch’s postulates
16
Q
- 1665 - Micrographia
- Discovered cell
- Cell – basic unit of living organism
A
Robert Hooke (1635 – 1703)
17
Q
- Father of Microbiology
- Father of Bacteriology
- Father of Protozoology
- Created the single-lens microscopes or simple microscopes in 1670
- Animalcules - tiny animals
A
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632 – 1723)
18
Q
- 1796: smallpox vaccine
A
Edward Jenner (1749 – 1823)
19
Q
- Developed the Germ Theory of Diseasein1800s
- Created pasteurization to eliminate wine spoilage-causing bacteria.
o Process in which liquids such as milk were heated to a temperature between 60 and 100’C - First vaccines for both rabies and anthrax
- Introduced the term “Aerobes and anaerobes”
- Alcoholic fermentation
A
Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)
20
Q
metabolic process by which organic molecules (normally glucose are covered into acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence oxygen
A
Alcoholic fermentation
21
* 1st link a specific m.o./ bacteria w/ specific disease, supporting the Germ theory
* Used microscope and saw Mycobacterium tuborculosis, anthrax, cholera
* 1876 - perfected the technique of isolating bacteria in pure culture 1882
* Father of culture media
Robert Koch (1843 – 1910)
22
* developed the Petri dish in which microbial cultures could be grown and manipulated.
* Assistant of Robert Koch
* Used gelatin
Richard J. Petri
22
* developed the use of agar as a solidifying agent for microbiological
Fanny Hesse
22
* known as the "savior of mothers”
* 1840: use of antiseptic procedures to prevent "childbirth" or puerperal fever (a serious and often fatal disease associated with infection contracted during delivery)
* Proposed the practice of washing hands with chlorinated lime solutions
Ignaz Philip Semmelweis (1818 – 1865)
23
* Introduced procedure known as antiseptic (against sepsis) surgery, and included handwashing, sterilizing instruments, and dressing wounds with carbolic acid (phenol).
o (Sepsis = The condition resulting from the presence of pathogenic microbes or their products in blood or tissues.)
* Started aseptic surgery
* Father of modern surgery/ Antiseptic surgery
Joseph Lister (1827 – 1912)
23
The condition resulting from the presence of pathogenic microbes or their products in blood or tissues.
Sepsis
24
* Magic bullet, and in around 1910 developed the first effective cure for a bacterial disease.
* The drug he discovered was salvarsan for syphilis.
Paul Ehrlich (1854 – 1915)
24
* 1928: Discovered antibiotic penicillin.
* Penicilin Notatum – From mold
* Antibiotic – can only heal bacteria not virus
Alexander Fleming (1881 – 1955)
25
* Father of antibiotic
Selman Abrahan Waksman (1888 – 1973)
26
* developed the Gram stain, a stain technique that could be used to separate two major groups of disease causing bacteria.
* A pioneering biologist who devised the system of classification which led to as many as 30,000 formally named species of bacteria
Hans Christian Gram (1853 – 1938)
27
* 1919: discovered the Bacterium Escherichia Coli
Theodor Escherich (1857 – 1911)
28
* Discovered highly resistant bacterial structure called ENDOSPORE, in the infusion of hay
* Demonstrated that dust did carry gems
* Created a process to destroy heat-resistant bacteria by eradicating bacteria
* Fractional sterilization (Steam at atmospheric pressure)
o Tyndallization – pinapainit for 3 days
o Intermittent sterilization
John Tyndall (1820 – 1893)
29
* Discovered the Causative agent of Gonorrhea, a strain of bacteria that was named in his honour (Neisseria gonorhoeae)
Albert Neisser (1855 – 1916)
29
* One the fathers of modern epidemiology
* Mapped cholera cases in the Soho area of London
* Makes him able to identify source of the disease in the area: Contaminates water from a public well pump
John Snow (1813 – 1858)
30
* 1983: Discover of Human Immunodeficiency (HIV)
Luc Montagnier
30
Microbiology:
Basic
Applied
31
Bacteriology
Phycology
Mycology
Virology
Parasitology
Protozoology
By Organism
32
Microbial metabolism
Microbial genetics
Microbial agriculture
By Process
33
Immunology
Epidemiology
Etiology
Disease-Related
33
Food & Beverage Tech
Pharmaceutical
Microbiology
Genetic Engineering
Industrial
34
Environmental
microbiology
Environmental-Related
35
Infection control
Chemotherapy
Disease-Related
36
* small single-celled organisms
* prokaryotic cells .outer surface (cell wall) ,composed mainly of "peptidoglycan".
* Has RNA and DNA, do not have true nucleus, lack of mitochondria, smaller ribosomes
* Prokaryotic(has no nucleus)
* Cell wall with peptidoglycan (most)
* Unicellular
* Reproduces by binary fission (asexually)
* Circular Dna
* Some are photosynthetic (autotrophic), others are heterotrophic
Bacteria
37
can grow in the absence of oxygen
Anaerobic
38
requires oxygen for growth
Aerobic
38
can grow with or without oxygen
Facultative anaerobes
39
* acellular organisms they cannot replicate w/o host cell, considered obligate intracellular parasites. outer surface is viral capsid, composed of capsomeres.
* Obligate intracellular parasites
* DNA or RNA
* May be enveloped or naked
* A capsid (protein coat) is required
* Smallest of all pathogens
* replication within the host is necessary
* Composed of a core of nucleic acid, either with single--strand or double-- strain RNA or DNA
Virus
39
* Eukoryotic cells with an outer surface that is composed mainly of “CHITIN”
* possess both RNA and DNA, w/true nucleus, mitochondria that function for ATP prod'n has a larger ribosomes
* Eukaryotic (has nucleus)
* Cell wall has chitin
* Heterotrophic
* Unicellular (yeast) or multicellular (molds and mushrooms)
* Can reproduce sexually or asexually
* Linear DNA
* Can be single celled or very complex multicellular organisms
* Non-green, plantlike organisms
Fungi
40
– single-cell forms
* Yeasts
40
– filamentous forms
Molds
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– diseases caused by fungi
Mycotic
41
– yeast like fungus that may infect a weakened host; it may be in the skin, oral/mouth, digestive tract, vaginal tract and lungs.
Candida
42
* representatives for parasites, unicellular organisms that divided by binary fission
* outer surface is flexible membrane called "PELLICLE".
* Has both RNA and DNA
* Eukaryotic
* Usually lacks cell walls
* Usually heterotrophic
* Unicellular
* Can reproduce sexually or asexually
* Moves by: Pseudopods, Flagella, Cilia
Protozoa
42
- Unicellular with a flexible cell wall
o Ex: Entamoeba histolytica (responsible for Amebiasis)
Amoeboid (Amebas/ Amoeba)
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- Presence of numerous cilia to propel the organism.
o Ex: Balantidium coli (responsible for balantidiasis-- chronic diarrhea)
Ciliates
44
– Posses flagella for locomotion and capturing prey.
o Ex: Trypanosoma brucei (responsible for African Trypanosomiasis or "sleeping sickness
Flagellates
44
o apicomplexans
o uninucleate and their body is covered by a pellicle;
o do not possess cilia or flagella
o Ex: Plasmodium malariae/ falciparum (responsible for malaria), Cryptosporidium parvum (leading causes of human cryptosporidiosis)
Sporozoa
45
* No cell wall
* Heterotrophic
* Can reproduce sexually or asexually
* Have microscopic
* Helminths large, multicellular organisms
A. Flatworms
B. Acanthocephala
C. Roundworms
Multicellular Animal Parasites
46
– soft-bodied, flattened invertebrates.
o Ex: trematodes (flukes) and cestodes (tapeworms)
Flatworms
47
– spiny- or thorny-headed worms.
o Ex: Moniliformis moniliformis (responsible for acanthocephaliasis)
Acanthocephala
48
- elongated, contain an intestinal system and a large body cavity.
o Ex: ascariasis, trichuriasis, hookworm, enterobiasis
Roundworms
49
* eukaryotic organisms' plant-like organisms.
* Outer surface consists of "cellulose"
* Eukaryotic
* Cell wall has cellulose
* Photosynthetic
* Unicellular or multicellular
* Can reproduce sexually or asexually
* Often contains pigments: green, red
* Group of oxygenic, phototrophic microbes which has a nucleus
* Can generate oxygen through photosynthesis
* Harmful algae produce toxins that may cause poisoning to humans when
consumed
Algae
50
* special type of virus that infects primarily bacteria
Bacteriophages
51
* Constitute a domain of single-celled organisms.
* Lack cell nuclei & are therefore prokaryotes.
* Initially classified as bacteria - named archaebacteria
* No pathogenic archaea have been identified
* Prokaryotic
* Cell wall peptidoglycan
* Unicellular
* Reproduces by binary fission
* Extremophiles: thermophiles, halophiles, methanogens (produce methane as a waste product)
Bacteriophages
