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ToB > Bacteria And Viruses > Flashcards

Bacteria And Viruses Flashcards

0
Q

Sense RNA can…?

A

Be directly translated

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1
Q

What is a capsid?

A

Protein shell

Protects the inner nucleic acid and attaches to host cells

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2
Q

How are some viruses surrounded by an envelope?

A

Picks up the plasma memebrane in host cells on the way out

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3
Q

What is a virus?

A

Uses host cell’s machinery to replicate itself

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4
Q

Snaps of capsid so viruses?

A

Icosahedral - like a diamond or gem

Helical - like alpha helices

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5
Q

How do viruses bind to cells?

A

Ligand on capsid of naked virus or on envelope

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6
Q

What does the host cell contain, important got viral infection?

A

Cellular machinery

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7
Q

If the virus replicates successfully and causes an infection, it is…?

A

Productive

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8
Q

The host cell gets infected making it…?

A

Permissive for virus

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9
Q

What is the Baltimore Classification Scheme?

A

Relationship between viral genome and mRNA
Allows for targeting drugs and vaccines
And investigate evolution of viruses

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10
Q

What are the 4 effects viruses have?

A

Cytopathic
Cancer
Death of cells
Unable to see virus effects on cells

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11
Q

What are Cytopathic effects?

A

Visible effects on host cells due to viral replication

Inclusion bodies - active virus synthesis
Syncytia formation - giant multinucleated cell -
fusion of plasma membrane
Chromosomal DNA
Inhibition of host DNA, RNA or protein synthesis

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12
Q

How do viruses cause cancer?

A

Integrate with all or part of host DNA
Retroviruses cause cancer as turn on oncogenes which proliferate uncontrollably

Some viruses cause it in non-permissive cells by inactivating tumour-suppressor proteins hence cancer cells go through cell cycle

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13
Q

What occurs when host cells die?

A

Virus is released

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14
Q

What is an infection?

A

Establishment of an organism on or in a host associated to multiplication or damage

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15
Q

Causes of infection?

A

Pathogenic microbes:

Viruses, prions, bacteria, archea, fungi, Protozoa, helminths

16
Q

Structures in bacteria?

A 
Cell wall
Peptidoglycan layer in gram positive
Capsule in viruses and some bacteria
Ribosomes
Plasmids
17
Q

Gram positive bacteria?

A 
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes
Clostridium difficile and pertingens
Group B Streptococci
Streptococcus pneumoniae
18
Q

Gram positive bacteria are what colour?

A

Blue

19
Q

Gram negative bacteria are what colour?

A

Red

20
Q

List of Gram negative bacteria?

A 
E. coli
Neissera Meningitidis and gonorrhoea
Salmonella spp
Shigella
Ligionella spp
Helicobacter pylori
Chlamydia spp
21
Q

What makes you more susceptible to infection?

A 
Weakened immune system
Poor nutrition
Poor living circumstances
No access to health
Genetic disposition
Lifestyle eg STIs
22
Q

How does gram staining work?

A

Positively charged crystal violet bind to negative cell components
Iodine forms large complex with violet
Acetone or methanol extracts the complexes from gran negative walls as they have a thin peptidoglycan wall, whereas remains in gram positive bacterial walls.
A red dye is applied and stains the gram negative
Hence red for gram negative and blue for positive.

23
Q

How are Acid Fast stains used?

A

Detect bacterial causes of tuberculosis and leprosy - mycobacteria - as can not be detected by gram staining

24
Q

Define pathogens

A

Bacterium, virus or other organism that can cause disease.

25
Q

Significance about RNA and mutation?

A

RNA mutates mores, hence retroviruses more likely to mutate as RNA less stable

26
Q

Importance of envelopes and viruses?

A

Viruses with envolpes more easily sterilised as holes punched in envolpes means virus can’t survive

27
Q

Example of DNA enveloped viruses?

A

Hep B - immflamed liver
Herpes - oral and genial
Smallpox

28
Q

Example of DNA virus non-enveloped?

A

HPV- warts, cervical cancer

29
Q

Example,of RNA virus enveloped?

A

HIV - AIDS
Rubella - rash, congenital rubella syndrome
Rotavirus - diarrhoea
Coronavirus- SARS

30
Q

Example of RNA non-enveloped virus?

A

Polio - inflammation of spinal cord

Hep A - liver disease

31
Q

Beta- lactams grouped antibiotics?

A 
Target the cell wall
Penicillin
Amoxicillin
Flu location
Cephalexin
32
Q

A glycopeptide grouped anti-biotic?

A

Targets cell wall

Vancomycin

33
Q

Aminoglycoside antibiotic!

A

Targets protein synthesis

Gentamicin

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