Bacteria Intro

Question 1

Bacteria size

Answer 1

.1-10 micrometers

Question 2

lipoteichoic and teichoic acids in ____ _____ only

Answer 2

gram positive (purple)

Question 3

________ layer thick cell wall in gram ______, thin in _______

Answer 3

peptidoglycan (penicillin prevents synthesis),
positive,
negative

Question 4

some bac encapsulated w/ _________ ________, ex. (3)

Answer 4

polysaccharide coating (prevents phagocytosis)

1. Neisseria,
2. Haemophilus (-)
3. Streptococcus species (+)

Question 5

_______ aka – enzyme that catalyzes linkage btwn peptidoglycans

Answer 5

Transpeptidase aka penicillin binding protein

Question 6

TB aka Mycobacteria are weakly _____ _____ but better to use ____ _____

Answer 6

gram positive,

acid fast

Question 7

no cell wall

Answer 7

mycoplasma

Question 8

Gram negative have outer _________-containing cell membrane which blocks antibiotics such as ______

Answer 8

lipopolysaccharide,

penicillin

Question 9

• grape like cluster

- rod

Answer 9

cocci,

bacilli

Question 10

macrophages produce _______ ________ (very reactive)–exs.

Answer 10

Molecular oxygen,

H2O2, O2-, OH-

Question 11

hydrogen peroxide broken down by bac by (2) superoxide radical by (1)

Answer 11

catalase, peroxidase,

superoxide dismutase

Question 12

activates prothrombin

Answer 12

coagulase (staph aureus)

Question 13

Obligate aerobes have all ____ ________ ex.s (3)

Answer 13

3 enzymes SPC,

NLP

Question 14

obligate anaerobes typically in _____ _____ and produce ____ (bacterioides)

Answer 14

deep tissues,

gas

Question 15

virulence factors (4)

Answer 15

1. flagella
2. pili (adhesion/binding)
3. capsules (can only be phagocytised after opsonization)
4. endospores (dormancy)

Question 16

survives within mac/ neutophil –

Answer 16

facultative intracellular organisms

Question 17

almost all gram+ release _____(except ______)–may lead to hightened immune response

Answer 17

exotoxins,

Listeria

Question 18

Food poinsoning (4) enterotoxins

Answer 18

1. V cholera
2. E coli
3. C jejuni
4. S dystenteriae
   toCCin

Question 19

active neuro exotoxins

Answer 19

botulism/ tetanus

Question 20

pyogenic exotoxins stimulate ______ ______ _____, ex

Answer 20

toxic shock syndrome,

Strep pyogenes

Question 21

lipopolysaccharides Lipid A in Gram - released w/ death of bac

Answer 21

endotoxins (part of outer membrane)

Question 22

sepsis aka–may lead to _____ _____, mediator: _________

Answer 22

bacteremia (may also be fungi),
septic shock,
prostaglandins

Question 23

DNA from dead bac may attach and incorporate self into another bac

Answer 23

transformation

Question 24

virus (bacteriophage) carries piece of bac DNA from one to another

Answer 24

transduction

Question 25

DNA transfered cell-cell

Answer 25

conjugation

Question 26

Streptococci: Beta-hemolysis: Alpha-hemolysis: Gamma-hemolysis:

Answer 26

- Gram + - won't bubble when H2O2 placed-- neg catalase 1. complete lyse 2. partial lyse 3. no hemolyze

Question 27

Staphylococci:

Answer 27

- Gram+ - grape-like clusters - catalase positive

Question 28

Staph aureus:

Answer 28

-Beta-hemolytic -coagulase + vs. coagulase neg cocci (S epidermidis) -

Question 29

MRSA

Answer 29

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus--secrete penicillinase

Question 30

Gram+, bacili, aerobic/anaerobic,

Answer 30

- spore forming rod (ex anthrax--B anthracis) activates in host - ^ mortality exotoxin - capsule prevents phagocytosis

Question 31

most common antibiotic diarrhea

Answer 31

- Clostridium difficile - enterotoxin - Gram+, SPORE forming rod - (botulism, tetanus, gas gangrene, p colitis)

Question 32

spore boiling resistant, Gram+, rod,

Answer 32

C botulinum (blocks Ach synaps)

Question 33

"loves PHARYNX" causing gray membrane, Gram+, NO spores

Answer 33

C diphtheriae, powerful EXOTOXIN,

Question 34

Gram + rod, has ENDOTOXIN, hide in ____&______. Cell-mediated immunity

Answer 34

L monocytogenes, | macrophages & neutrophils (facultative)

Question 35

Gram - rods paired _____-____; ear infections, lungs, upper respt

Answer 35

end-end, M catarrhalis, may be coccobacillary

Question 36

colonizing 33-100% of nasopharynx may gravel to ear or sinus

Answer 36

Moraxella

Question 37

Gram - diplococci, menigitis, endotoxin

Answer 37

Neisseria meningitidis

Question 38

meningitis causes

Answer 38

10% bac | 90% viral

Question 39

____ protect ______ _____ from antibodies

Answer 39

pili, | N gonorrhoeae

Question 40

Gram -, Bacili, aerobic, enterics (4)

Answer 40

part of normal intestinal flora, 1. Enterobacteriaceae 2. Vibrionaceae 3. Pseudomonadaceae 4. Bacteroidaceae

Question 41

Enterics: | ", Hospital sepsis", UTI, ALCOHOLIC pneumonia

Answer 41

K pneumoniae,

Question 42

exo/endotoxins, mucosal adherence, invasion, | may cause diarrhea, UTI, neonatal meniingitis,

Answer 42

E coli

Question 43

Enteric: | fecal-oral, shiga toxin, bright red blood and pus-diarrhea

Answer 43

shigella (4 subsets)

Question 44

Enteric: | chickens, watery diarrhea, typhoid fever

Answer 44

salmonella

Question 45

Enteric: CURVED gram - rod w/ single flagellum, fecal-oral transmission--binds to GI tract, "rice water stool"

Answer 45

V cholera (binds to GI tract actively secretes Na and Cl)

Question 46

Enterics: | Gram- rod, obligate aerobe, "green and blue fluorescent pigment", exotoxin

Answer 46

pseudomonas aeruginosa, NONFERMENTERS

Question 47

Enterics: | Gram - , no lipid A, capsule, ANAEROBIC

Answer 47

Bacteroides fragilis

Question 48

3 types of diarrhea and bac ex.s

Answer 48

1. No cell invasion-electrolye and fluid loss (E coli, V cholera) 2. Invasion of intestinal epithelia cells-toxin destroys cells--WBCs IN STOOL (E coli, Shigella, Salmonela) 3. Invasion of lymph nodes and bloodstream--fever, headache, bloody diarrhea (campylobacter)

Question 49

bac requiring certain chemical

Answer 49

fastidius organism

Question 50

fastidious organism, curved w/ single flagellum, "bloody loose diarrhea", toxin, fecal-oral

Answer 50

Campylobacter jejuni

Question 51

fastidious org, curved w/ multiple flagella, STOMACH ULCERS

Answer 51

helicobacter pylori

Question 52

``` Haemophilus (blood loving): THUMB sign (enlarged epiglotis), EPIGLOTTITIS ```

Answer 52

Haemophilus influenzae

Question 53

Attaches and destroys ciliated epithelial cells of trachea ==> violent cough, ^ insulin and lymphocytes.

Answer 53

Bordetella pertussis | WHOOPING cough

Question 54

aerobic gram - rod, survive and replicate intracellularly

Answer 54

legionella pneumophilia

Question 55

flu-like legionnaire's disease--self limiting

Answer 55

pontiac fever

Question 56

gram negative rods, facultative intracellular orgs (4)

Answer 56

1. yersinia 2. francisella 3. brucella 4. pasteurella

Question 57

bubonic plague--(bubo axila swelling)

Answer 57

Yersinia pestis-->hemorrhagaic skin invasion -->black discoloration

Question 58

Tularemia (from ticks)--resembles plague

Answer 58

francisella tularensis

Question 59

Undulent fever w/out ulcers/buboes, occasional lymphadenopathy

Answer 59

Brucella

Question 60

Gram - obligate intracellular parasites, small

Answer 60

Chlamydia & Rickettsia

Question 61

colonizes mouths of cats and dogs--don't suture!

Answer 61

pasteurella multocida

Question 62

augmentin

Answer 62

combo amoxicillin/clavulanate

Question 63

Rocky Mt spotted fever--ticks--rash

Answer 63

Rickettsia rickettsii

Question 64

Trachoma--chronic conjunctivitis

Answer 64

chlamydia trachomatis

Question 65

Form granulomas, Tiny, gram-, corkscrew shape and motion

Answer 65

spirochetes

Question 66

syphilis--3 stages--

Answer 66

T pallidum (spirochete) "the great masquerader"

Question 67

Spirochete: | Lyme disease--3 stages--TARGET (starts w/ single lesion)

Answer 67

Borrelia burgdorveri | bOb

Question 68

Mycobacterium ex's (2) and characteristics--ACID-FAST

Answer 68

1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis TB (obligate aerobe--lungs) 2. M leprae leprose (footpads of mice,armadillos) - thin rods w/ ^ lipids in walls

Question 69

lack peptidoglycan cell wall, tiny, not rods/cocci, immune to penicillin

Answer 69

mycoplasma

Question 70

"Walking pneumoniae" cause, attaches to respiratory epitheliium, "atypical pneumonia"

Answer 70

Mycoplasma pneumoniae | mycoplasma

Question 71

PrP-->PrPs =

Answer 71

PrP PrP prions