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Microbiology > Bacteria Structure and Function > Flashcards

Bacteria Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Range of size of Bacteria

A

1-10micro meter

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2
Q

The envelope of bacteria consists of

A

Capsule: outer
Outer membrane.
Cell wall
Inner membrane

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3
Q

Function of the envelope

A

1) protect the cell against chemical and biologic threat
2) perform metabolic functions analogous to organelles of eukaryotes

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4
Q

Shapes of bacteria and example

A

Spherical -Cocci: > streptococci(chain cocci) staphylococcus( clustered cocci)

Rod shape : Baccilli > bacillus anthracis(straight rods), Vibrio cholera (curved rods).

Pleomorphic cocci: coccobacillus.

Spiral Shape

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5
Q

Is the chemical composition of bacteria similar with eukaryotes?

A

Yes, they have DNA, RNA, carbohydrates, proteins e.t.c

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6
Q

Features of capsule are;

A

It’s hydrophilic.
It’s transparent.
It’s not readily stained.
It’s a thick gel layer.
It’s layer is discrete
Polysaccharide are arranged

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7
Q

What’s the feature of a slime layer

A

It is amorphous
It’s polysaccharide are not arranged
Has other features of the capsule

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8
Q

Function of capsule or slime

A

Protects the bacteria against the immune system of the host

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9
Q

Example of bacteria without cell wall

A

Chlamydia and mycoplasm

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10
Q

Function of the cell wall

A

1) Protect the against mechanical disruption.

Protects the cell from bursting due to tugor pressure from hypertonicity of the inside.

Protects the cell from toxic chemical and biological effects.

It allows passage of nutrients and metabolic byproduct

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11
Q

How are bacteria classified in respect to staining

A

They are classified using gram stains.

Gram positive bacteria: stains fairly using gram stains e.g mycobacterium tuberculosis

Gram negative bacteria: stains poorly e.g Treponema pallidum(syphilis)

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12
Q

Components of cell wall of gram positive bacteria

A

Peptidoglycan cell wall , teichoic acid, lipoteichoic acid.

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13
Q

Composition of peptidoglycan cell wall

A

N-acteyl glutamic acid.
N-acteyl muramic acid.
This two are linked by peptide chains.

N/B: peptide chains crosslink to give the cell wall a 3D rigid matrix

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14
Q

Composition of teichoic acid

A

It’s either made of glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate.

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15
Q

Name two body enzyme that can digest peptidoglycan cell wall

A

Lysozyme and
Hydrolase from tears

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16
Q

Bacteria in isotonic fluid gives?

A

A round shaped structure called PROTOPLAST

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17
Q

What envelope does gram positive bacteria lack?

A

Outer membrane

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18
Q

What are the function of teichoic and lipoteichoic acids

A

✺✺ Teichoic and lipoteichoic acids
promote adhesion and anchor
wall to membrane

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19
Q

Envelope Features of gram- bacteria that differentiste it from Gram +

A
  1. It has outer membrane
  2. It’s peptidoglycan layer it’s smaller in size due to it’s reduction to form;
  3. Periplasmic gel.
  4. It has a well defined periplasmic layer.
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20
Q

How many leaflets does the outer membrane have and the composition

A

It has two leaflet;

Inner leaflet:, composed of phospholipid layer

Outer leaflet; composed of lipopolysaccharide.

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21
Q

Another name for Endotoxin is

A

Lipopolysaccharide

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22
Q

Components of an endotoxin

A

From inner to outer:

Lipid A..(made up of phospholipid and glucoseamine)

Core polysaccharide.

O’ antigen; binds to antibody of host and destroy it

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23
Q

What’s the structure protein seen in the outer cell membrane

A

Porin

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24
Q

What’s a periplasmic space?

A

It’s the space between the outer membrane and inner membrane, seen in gram - bacteria

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25
Q

What’s contained in periplasmic space

A

Periplasmic gel.

26
Q

Composition of periplasmic gel?

A

It contains,

1: hydrolytic enzymes.
2: Antibiotic resistant enzyme.
3; Transport proteins
4: Chemotactic proteins

27
Q

What’s the toxic moeity of lipopolysaccharide (Endotoxin)

A

Lipid A

28
Q

Which cellular structure is functionally analogous to Mitochondria

A

The inner cell membrane;
It’s in charge of ETC , serving as the cell powerhouse.

29
Q

What differentiates the cell membrane of a bacteria to that of eukaryotes.

What’s the exceptional Bacteria

A

It lacks steroids.
Exception: mycoplasm

30
Q

List the function of inner cell membrane

A

1) It replaces fxn of mitotic spindle: segregating daughter chromosomes.

2)It serves as a site of DNA synthesis, cell wall and membrane lipids.

3) it contains ETC for ATP production.

4)it contains receptor proteins responsible in chemotaxis.

5) selectively allows permeation.

6) involves in secretion of proteins to the exterior, especially Exotoxins

31
Q

What’s the functional equivalence of eurkayotic cell organelle.

A

Cell membrane

32
Q

List the appendages of the cell walll

A

Flagella.
Pili
Fimbria.

33
Q

Name the parts of the flagella

A

The basal body
The hook
And rings on central rod.

34
Q

Function of flagella

A

Motility

35
Q

What’s the significance of presence or absence of flagella

A

It helps in taxonomy classification.

36
Q

Bacteria with one flagella is called

A

Monotrichous

37
Q

Bacteria with many flagella on the cell

A

Peritrichous

38
Q

Bacteria with many flagella on one end

A

Lophotrichous

39
Q

Bacteria with a single flagellum on both ends

A

Amphitrichous

40
Q

What are pili?

A

Hairlike projections on cell.

41
Q

What’s the protein component of pili called

A

Pilin

42
Q

Name to two type of pili and function

A

Common pili(fimbriae); adhesion

Sex pili: exchange of genetic material btw gram- bacteria cells.

43
Q

Which bacteria has common pili and sex pili

A

Common pili: both
Sex pili: gram negative.

44
Q

Core of the cell is divided into what regions

A

Granular region; cytoplasm.
Fibrous region; nucleiod

45
Q

What’s the significance of the smallness and simplicity of Bacteria design

A

It facilitates rapid metabolic activities hence growth

46
Q

Granular appearance of cytoplasm is due to;

A

The ribosomes

47
Q

The target of certain antimicrobial in the core of the cell is?

A

The 70S ribosomes

48
Q

What’s the functional of the cytoskeleton

A

It helps in localising proteins.
It participates in cell division.
It also confers strength to the cell wall.

49
Q

The homologous of microfilament

A

Cytoskeleton

50
Q

Microfilament of bacteria is made from

A

Actin

51
Q

Microtubules of bacteria is made from

A

Tubulin

52
Q

What forms the cytoskeleton

A

Actin, tubulin and intermediate filament

53
Q

What’s the major mechanism of bacteria virulence

A

Modification of the cytoplasm

54
Q

What does Genome mean?

A

Complete genetic information

55
Q

Additional to the design of bacteria what other features aids it’s rapid growth

A

The absence of nuclear membrane.
Facilitates cell division

56
Q

How many genes does bacteria antigens contain

A

600-6000genes

57
Q

What’s the shape and type of strand of bacteria chromosomes

A

It’s circular and double stranded

58
Q

Are mRNA transporters required in bacteria core

A

No they’re not, due to lack of nuclear membrane

59
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Plasmids are small, circular, covalently closed
double-stranded DNA molecules different from chromosomes in the nucleoid

60
Q

Functions of plasmids ?

A

The confer antibiotic resistance and

promotes bacteria virulence.

61
Q

What genes are present in plasmids

A

Virulence and resistant genes

Microbiology (12 decks)

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