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Path - Microbiology > Bacterial and viral vaccines > Flashcards

Bacterial and viral vaccines Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

what is R0 in the world of vaccines?

A

basic reproductive rate:

the number of people that one infectious person will infect

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2
Q

transmission is halted when R0 is what value?

A

If vaccine effective R0 is reduced < 1 then transmission is halted.

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3
Q

equation for herd immunity?

A

HIT = 1 -1/R0

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4
Q

Form of immunity that occurs when vaccination of a significant proportion of a population provides a measure of protection for individuals that are not immune is described as?

A

herd immunity

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5
Q

having maternal antibodies is classed as?

A

acquired immunity;

passive and natural

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6
Q

name 2 sources of acquired active immunity?

A

natural - exposure

artificial - immunisation

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7
Q

B and T lymphocytes are part of which immune system?

A

adaptive

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8
Q

which system is responsible for detecting PAMPs (Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns) and DAMPs (Damage Associated Molecular Patterns) and presenting them through Pattern Recognition Receptors(PRR) to APC?

A

innate

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9
Q

APCs present antigens to ?

and where?

A

naive t cells

lymph nodes

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10
Q

Activated B cells can undergo cell division and develop into what?

A

plasma cells

and memory B cells.

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11
Q

which cells produce antibodies specific for the vaccine antigen?

A

plasma b cells

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12
Q

what happens when antibodies bind to an antigen ?

A

Neutralization of infectivity

Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity

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13
Q

which cell type has an important role in killing infected cells in attenuated vaccines?

A

t cells

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14
Q

what is the Goal of vaccination ?

A

to produce memory cells to the vaccine antigen

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15
Q

What happens after vaccination when exposed to organism\?

A

Entry of pathogen activated memory T cells which encourage immune response

Memory B cells become active plasma cells (more antibodies produced at a faster rate)

Memory killer T cell response may be reactivated

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16
Q

a substance that can stimulate an immune response and prevent/alleviate the clinically important consequences of infection is called?

A

Protective antigen

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17
Q

substances of various kinds that enhance immune response are known as?

A

Adjuvants

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18
Q

List the 6 types of vaccines available

A

Attenuated
Inactivated
Subunit

Conjugate
Heterotypic
Toxoid

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19
Q

give examples of inactivated vaccine?

A

Influenza, cholera, polio

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20
Q

Measles, mumps, rubella, yellow fever come in which type of vaccine?

A

attenuated

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21
Q

what is an attenuated vaccine?

A

Live organisms modified to be less virulent

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22
Q

Tetanus, diphtheria come in which type of vaccine?

A

toxoid

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23
Q

what is a toxoid vaccine?

Study These Flashcards
A

Inactivated toxic components

24
Q

what is a subunit vaccine?

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A

Protein component of the microorganisms

Lacking viral genetic material and unable to replicate

25
list some examples of toxoid vaccines?
Hepatitis B, HPV
26
Haemophilus influenzae type B is what type of vaccine?
conjugate vaccine
27
Poorly immunogenic antigens paired with a protein that is highly immunogenic (adjuvant) are known as what type of vaccine?
conjugate vaccine
28
BCG is what type of vaccine?
Heterotypic Vaccines
29
Pathogens that infect other animals but do not cause disease or cause mild disease in humans are known as what type of vaccine?
Heterotypic Vaccines
30
vaccines come in which 2 forms?
Monovalent Multivalent
31
advantages and disadvantages of inactivated vaccines?
Advantages: Stable Constituents clearly defined Unable to cause the infection ``` Disadvantages Need several doses Local reactions common Adjuvant needed keeps vaccine at injection site activates antigen presenting cells ``` Shorter lasting immunity
32
advantages and disadvantages of attenuated vaccines?
Advantages Single dose often sufficient to induce long-lasting immunity May stimulate response to multiple protective antigens Strong immune response evoked Local and systemic immunity produced – Activation of all components of immune system Disadvantages Potential to revert to virulence Can cause illness directly Contraindicated in immunosuppressed patients Interference by viruses or vaccines and passive antibody Poor stability Potential for contamination
33
list 6 components of vaccines? give examples / their use
Active Component/Antigens Adjuvants Antibiotics Stabilizers Trace components Preservatives
34
what is the role of stabilisers in vaccines?
Help maintain effectiveness during storage | Factors affecting stability – Temperature, pH\
35
what is the role of adjuvants in vaccines?
Highly heterogeneous group of compounds with the ability to enhance immune response
36
what is the role of preservatives in vaccines?
Particularly in multidose vaccines to prevent bacterial and fungal growth E.g. Thiomersal
37
what is the role of antibiotics in vaccines?
(In trace amounts) Used during manufacturing phase to prevent bacterial and fungal growth E.g. MMR <25micrograms of neomycin
38
give examples of trace components in vaccines?
Formaldehyde – used to inactivate viruses and detoxify bacterial toxins A purification process during production removes almost all formaldehyde
39
list 3 Determinants of primary vaccine antibody response?
Vaccine type Antigen nature Vaccine schedule; when it is received and the intervals inbetween
40
In determinants of primary vaccine antibody response, which produces a higher antibody response; live or attenuated vaccines? why?
live vaccines due to higher antigen response and longer persistence
41
In determinants of primary vaccine antibody response, which produces a higher antibody response; protein or polyssachride vaccines? why?
protein / glycoconjugate vaccines due to T cell recruitment
42
In determinants of primary vaccine antibody response, what is the effect of antigen dose?
higher doses generates greater Ab response
43
In determinants of primary vaccine antibody response, which produces a higher antibody response; protein or polyssachride ANTIGENS?
protein
44
which has a longer duration of protection post-vaccination live or inactivated vaccines?
live
45
which vaccine can you not get if have anaphylactic hypersensitivity to egg products?
Influenza vaccine possibly; live vaccines too
46
When are LIVE vaccines contraindicated?
previous anaphylactic reaction TO THE vaccine/ its component Pregnant! Immunocompromised!
47
which vaccine causes Acute Arthritis?
rubella
48
which vaccine causes Poliomyelitis
OPV oral polio not inactivated one
49
which vaccines possibly cause guillaine barre?
T/DT/Td | OPV/IPV
50
which vaccine causes Thrombocytopenia?
measles
51
What is a probable side effect of the DTP vaccine?
Encephalopathy | Shock
52
To eliminate a disease the effective R0 needs to be __ ?
<1
53
what are the Prerequisites for successful disease eradication?
No animal reservoir Antigenically stable pathogen with only one (or small number of) strains No latent reservoir of infection and no integration of pathogen genetic material into host genome Vaccine must induce a lasting and effective immune response High coverage required for very contagious pathogens
54
A single dose offers around 95% protection Two doses offer >99% protection for which vaccine?
Measles measles/rubella
55
when were measles and rubella eradicated in the uk?
The WHO confirmed that the UK achieved elimination status for rubella in 2016 measles in 2017

Path - Microbiology (27 decks)

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