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Microbiology. INFECTION > Bacterial Cell Structure & Growth Dynamics > Flashcards

Bacterial Cell Structure & Growth Dynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Bacterial cell structure

A

Cell wall
Structure internal to cell wall
Structures external to cell wall
Spores

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2
Q

Structures internal to cell wall are 2,
Cytoplasm contain …
Cytoplasmic membrane, contain……

A

Mesosomes
Ribosome
Inclusion granules-storge-
Bacteria granuloma

cytoplasmic membrane (selective permeability)

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3
Q

Structure external to cell wall and there function

A

Capsule –>antiphagocytic
Glycocalyx(cell coat)–>adherence
Flagella –> motility
Pilli—-> adherence

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4
Q

Essential (basic) components in cell

A

Cell wall
Cell membrane
Ribosome
Chromosomes

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5
Q

Bacterial genome [dna]
1/
2/

A

Chromosomes (nucleotid)
Plasmid

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6
Q

What is cell wall?

A

The cell wall is a multilayer structure immediately external to the cytoplasmic membrane.

The outermost basic structure in all bacteria

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7
Q

The main strengthening component of cell wall is

A

Peptidoglycan

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8
Q

Composition of peptidoglycan

A

> alternating NAM(N-actetyl muramic acid ) & NAG (N-acetyle glucosamine)

> terapeptides : 4 amino acid attach to NAM

نام ناجي 4 ساعات بين البيبتيد

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9
Q

Composition of peptidoglycan

A

> alternating NAM(N-actetyl muramic acid ) & NAG (N-acetyle glucosamine)

> terapeptides : 4 amino acid attach to NAM

> peptide crosslink

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9
Q

Composition of peptidoglycan

A

> alternating NAM(N-actetyl muramic acid ) & NAG (N-acetyle glucosamine(basic)

> tetrapeptides : 4 amino acids attach to NAM

> peptide crosslinking between each 2
tetrapeptides[ gives the wall its strength ]

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10
Q

Composition of peptidoglycan

A

> alternating NAM(N-actetyl muramic acid ) & NAG (N-acetyle glucosamine)

> terapeptides : 4 amino acid attach to NAM
نام ناجي ٤ ساعات بين البيبتايد

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11
Q

Composition of peptidoglycan

A

> alternating NAM(N-actetyl muramic acid ) & NAG (N-acetyle glucosamine)

> terapeptides : 4 amino acid attach to NAM

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12
Q

Composition of peptidoglycan

A

> alternating NAM(N-actetyl muramic acid ) & NAG (N-acetyle glucosamine)

> terapeptides : 4 amino acid attach to NAM

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13
Q

من ملزمة الدكتور
Function of peptidoglycan

A

1/ rigidity or osmotic protection –> support weak cytoplasmic membrane against high internal osmotic pressure –> prevent osmotic ruption

2/structure toxic

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14
Q

Name tetrapeptides

A

L-alanine
D- glutamate
Diaminopimelic acid
D- alanine

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15
Q

Garm +ve cell wall contain

A

Petidoglycan
Teichoic acid, lipoteichoic acid

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16
Q

Composition of gram -ve cells

A

Peptidoglycan
Outer membrane

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17
Q

What is nucleoid?

A

Area of cytoplasm where dna is located

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18
Q

In which type of bacteria , peptidoglycan is 40 sheet ?( 50% of wall Thickness)

A

Germ + bacteria

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19
Q

Peptidoglycan in germ - is_____ about _____ sheet [ ___ % cell wall Thickness

A

Thin
1-2
5-10 %

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20
Q

What dose outer membrane contain

A

LPS
Embedded protein
من الملزمة
Inner part( lipo-protein)

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21
Q

What does LPS contain ?

A

Inner lipid A: endotoxin ( يطلع من بكتيريا بعد ما تموت)
Outer O-polysaccharides –>
O-somatic Ag (خارجي somatic)

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22
Q

What is embedded protein ?

A

Porins and outer membrane protein OMPs

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23
Q

The space between outer and inner membrane is called

A

Periplasmic space

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24
Q

What is inner membrane?

A

Cytoplasmic membrane
Inner layer نعتبرها

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25
Q

Function of teichoic acid

A

Structural toxic
Adherence to host cell إلتصاق
Antigenic

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26
Q

Types of Teichoic acid

A

Cell wall Teichoic acid , produced from peptidoglycan

Or

Attached to cell membrane: (lipoteichoic acid) or membrane teichoic acid

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27
Q

Composition of teichoic acid

A

Formed of a polymer of ribitol or glycerol phosphate

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28
Q

Function of cell wall

A

Sot andish

Staining reaction by gram stain

Osmotic protection,Dr: supports weak cytoplasmic membrane

Toxic :Structural Toxic
–> peptidoglycan I and teichoic acid
—>lipid A:endotoxin

Antigenicity –> teichoic acid and somatic O–> identification of bacteria

Cell division

Shape of cell
Coccal عصى
Bacillary
Spiral حلزونا يما الحلزونا

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29
Q

Name the 2 forms that can occur in bacteria due to cell wall deficince (بمعنى خسارة جدار الخلية يحدث نتيجة )

A

Spontaneously نتيجة طفرة

Induced by laboratory manipulation

Mycoplasma (natural occurring)

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29
Q

Name the 3 forms of cell wall deficient

A

Protoplast
Spheroplast
L-form

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29
Q

protoplast occur in which type of cell?

A

Gram +

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30
Q

What causes protoplast form ?

A

Lyzosmes

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31
Q

What is protoplast ?

A

A form of bacteria caused by lysosomes in which peptidoglycan or cell wall is lost

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31
Q

Spheroplast occur in which kind of bacteria?

A

Gram -

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32
Q

Spheroplast is induced by

A

Lysozome on EDTA(مادة تسهل وصول الليزوزوم إلى طبقة جدار الخلية )treated bacteria gram - cell

Or action of Ab

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33
Q

L form is named by

A

Lister institutions in UK

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33
Q

What is L form

A

Spheroplast and protoplast that are able to grow and divide

They can revent to the normal cell wall form upon removal of the inhibitor

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34
Q

Clinical significant for L form in vivo

A

Resistance to Ab –>may cause chronic infection and relapse

Relapse يعني تعود الأعراض بقوى

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34
Q

Clinical significant of L form in laboratory

A

genetic engineering

weakened cell wall facilitate transport genetic material between cells

لولو(L form) تعود مزمنة(chronic) ومنتكسة(relapses)، استخدمها في الهندسة الوراثية

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35
Q

Function of cell wall

A

Sot andish

Staining reaction of gram stain

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36
Q

.

A

.

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37
Q

What is mycoplasma bacteria?

A

Natural absence of CW (without inducer)

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38
Q

Different between L form and mycoplasma

A

No reversion to CW state (difference from L-forms)

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39
Q
  • Structures Internal To Cell Wall
A

Cytoplasmic membrane (CM)
Mesosomes
Cytoplasm of bacteria (Ribosome, storage granules , DNA)

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40
Q
  • Cytoplasmic membrane (CM)
    Composition:
A

Phospholipid bilayer containing proteins

No sterol(like collateral, it is a lipid)except in Mycoplasma

Osmotically sensitive(will boom due to osmotic sensitive)

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41
Q

Function of cytoplasmic membrane

A

Dr.sese
1- Selective permeability: Most important function of plasma membrane

2- Secretion of:
a.Exotoxins
b.Extracellular Enzymes
3- Cell division
4- Respiration & generation of energy: contains cytochrome (respiratory) enzymes

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42
Q

Invaginations of Cytoplasmic membrane into the cytoplasm

A

Mesosomes

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43
Q

Function of Mesosomes

A

1-↑ surface area →↑ active transport
2- Site of respiratory enzymes 3-Cell division

DRS mezo

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44
Q

Structure of Ribosome

A

RNA + proteins

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45
Q

Subunits of Ribosome

A

Subunits:
50S(sedimentation) & 30S: Aggregate only during protein synthesis →70S Ribosome

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46
Q

Function of Ribosome

A

Protein synthesis

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47
Q

Inclusion granules character

A

Characters: Not essential or permanent —>
Absent under certain conditions of growth

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48
Q

Functions of inclusion granules

A

Storage of nutrients (glycogen, lipids & polyphosphates)

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49
Q

E.g for inclusion granules

A

Examples: Volutin granules in Corynebacterium diphtheriae(responsible for pseudomembrane)

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50
Q

Bacterial chromosome (Nucleoid) are _______ strand with ____shap

A

Single
Circular

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51
Q

Length of bacteria chromosomes is ____

A

1 mm long

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52
Q

The bacteria size is ______ micron, so how could chromosomes in its exist in such a small space ?

A

0.1-5 μm
Chromosomes are Supercoiled

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53
Q

Bacterial chromosome doesn’t have

A

Nuclear membrane, Nucleolus, or Histones

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54
Q

What dose bacteria dna carries

A

Carries essential genes controlling Properties & Pathogenicity

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55
Q

What is Plasmid?

A

• Circular Ds DNA
• In Gram +ve & -ve bacteria
• Extrachromosomal & smaller than chromosome

More in genetic

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56
Q

Carry non-essential genes

A

Plasmid

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57
Q

Capsule site

A

Firmly bound to cell wall

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58
Q

Glycocalyx (slime layer) is

A

Loosely attached → Covers bacteria surface like a biofilm

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59
Q

Bacterial Replication
occur by

A

Simple binary fission

60
Q

Formation of Glycocalyx

A

inside host tissues(if in vivo)

61
Q

Structure of capsule

A

Polysaccharide (mostly)
Polypeptide
Hyaluronic acid

62
Q

Structure of Glycocalyx

A

Polysaccharide

63
Q

Function of capsule

A

1- Virulence factor(عوامل قوة)
Antipathocytic and Adhesion to mucus membrane

2- Antigenic
vaccine preparation
(فاكرين السؤال الخازوق إلؤ نزل آخر السنة) and identification of bacteria

64
Q

Function of Glycocalyx

A

Virulence factor:
firm adherence to
a) Skin, heart valves & teeth
b) Prosthetic joints & catheters

65
Q

Stain of capsule is

A

Capsular Stain
(unstained halo by Gram stain)

66
Q

Shap of Flagella

A

Long & thick (في الكتاب قال thin)

67
Q

Origination of Flagella

A

From cytoplasm and extruded through the cell wall

68
Q

Composition of Flagella

A

Flagellin protein →
Antigenic (H Ag)

69
Q

Flagella is more common in _____ bacteria than cocci bacteria because most cocci aren’t _______

A

Bacilli
Motile

70
Q

Function of Flagella

A

1- Motility :
Toward favorable environment & nutrients
Away from adverse ones

2- Virulence factor:
Motility promotes adhesion and/or invasion

3- Antigenic: H Ag → identification of bacteria

71
Q

Stain of Flagella is

A

Flagellar stain (not stained by Gram stain)

72
Q

Shap of pili(fimbrine)

A

Shorter & thinner than flagela

73
Q

Composition of pili

A

Pilin glycoprotein → Antigenic

74
Q

Types of pili

A

Ordinary pili
Sex piliانبوبة

75
Q

Ordinary pili function

A

1-Virulence factor: Firm adherence
2-Antigenic

76
Q

Sex pili are

A

Conjugation (gene transfer between bacteria)
Longer than ordinary pili

77
Q

Who have higher adherence, ordinary or sex pili

A

Ordinary pili

78
Q

Spores are

A

Highly Resistant & Resting form

2R

79
Q

What do you mean by resting form

A

Metabolic inactive (dormant) & non-reproductive

80
Q

> Type of bacteria with ability of spores

A

Type of bacteria Some Gram +ve bacteria
e.g Bacillus & Clostridium

81
Q

Antigens in bacteria

A
  1. Cell wall —>techoic acid and somatic O

2.capsule

3.flagella H Ag

  1. Pilli
82
Q

Formation of spores

A

In vitro (outside the body) by exposure to unfavorable conditions

83
Q

E.g for unfavorable conditions for bacteria to become a spore

A

a) Depletion of nutrients (starvation)
b) Accumulation of toxic substances
c) Unsuitable moisture (dryness) or temperature (heat)

STDH

84
Q

H

A

T

85
Q

Medical importance of spores

A

Highly resistant to:
a) Dryness → survive in soil for years (due to coat)
b) Chemicals: e.g disinfectantsمطهارات
c) Heat: Not killed by boiling at 100°C, but are killed at 121°C (autoclave)

Drch درش

86
Q

Stain of spores

A

Spore stain (unstained by Gram stain)

87
Q

Germination into vegetativeالشكل الأصلي form In vivo

A

on exposure to appropriate nutrients & H2O → Multiplies & cause disease

88
Q

Causes of resistance in spores

A

1- Impermeability of outer coat (keratin-like)
2- High content of Ca dipicolinate in cytoplasm (only in spores)

89
Q

Bacteria growth is

A

Definition: ↑ in size & number of bacteria

90
Q

Bacteria growth requirements

A

Requirements:
Chemical: Nutrition- Gases

Physical: Temperature-pH-Osmotic press

91
Q

What is Generation (doubling) time

A

Time required by bacteria to double its number.
Varies according to type of organism & environmental conditions

92
Q

E.coli doubling time is

A

20 minutes (short) in E.coli

93
Q

TB generation time is

A

18 hours (long) in M. TB

94
Q

– Chemical Requirements are

A

A-Nutritional Requirements
B- Gaseous Reguirements

95
Q

Nutritional Requirements

A

1- Carbon & Nitrogen source
2- Mineral elements

96
Q

According to Carbon, bacteria may be:

A

Autotrophic ذاتية التغذية
Heterotrophic غير ذاتية التغذية

97
Q

Carbon of Autotrophic is

A

Inorganic

98
Q

E.g for inorganic carbon sources

A

Co, & inorganic salts

They are utilized by autotrophic

99
Q

What type of bacteria is autotrophic bacteria

A

Free living (saprophytes) —>
Non-pathogenic

تحس السؤال فيه غزل 😅

وطبعا يدرسونا تبعين كلية الزراعة

100
Q

Hetrotrophic bacteria carbon is

A

Organic

101
Q

Sources of organic carbon

A

Protein, CHO & lipids from living host

102
Q

Heterotrophic according to Nitrogen requirements

A

Exacting كثيرة المطالب
Non-exacring

103
Q

Name bacteria Utilize organic source of N

A

Exacting bacteria

104
Q

Utilize inorganic source of N

A

Non exacting

105
Q

E.g for non exacting bacteria

A

e.g nitrates

106
Q

Exacting bacteria Grow only in ______ containing specific growth factors

A

Culture
Like fluid or solid Culture

107
Q

specific growth factors of exacting bacteria

A

Amino acids, purines, pyrimidines & blood

108
Q

Fastidious bacteria are

A

Requiring large number of growth factors
OR complex nutrition

109
Q

E.g Fastidious bacteria

A

Mycoplasma

110
Q

Types of Heterotrophic bacteria

A

Pathogenic OR commensals (flora)

الممرضة أو المتعايشات (النباتات)

111
Q
  • Mineral elements:
A

Bacteria require small amounts of Phosphorus, sulfur, Ca & Mg
Dr: كل دي تشتغل كco-enzyme , اكيد اخذتها في البايو

112
Q

-Gaseous Requirements are

A

O2 requirements:
CO2 requirements:

113
Q

Toxic O2, metabolites (ROS) produced by O2, consumption are degraded by 2 enzymes :

A

Superoxide dismutase (degrades O2 سامة للخلية ) &
Catalase (degrades H2O2 برضوا سامة للخلية)

114
Q

If Toxic O2 metabolites (ROS) are not degrades, this will cause

A

Death cell

115
Q

O2 requirements are

A

Facultative anaerobes
Microaerophilic
Obligate aerobes
Obligate anaerobes

116
Q

Obligate aerobes Growth only in

A

presence of high concentration of O2

117
Q

Obligate anaerobes growth environment

A

Only in absence of O2

118
Q

In presence (better) or absence of O2

A

Facultative anaerobes

119
Q

Microaerophilic bacteria growth environment

A

In presence of low concentration (tension) of O2

هي تحتاج اوكسجين ولكن بكميات قليلة

120
Q

Name bacteria that Contain these ROSand who does not contain them too, SOD(Superoxide dismutase)& Catalase

A

Obligate anaerobes(no)
Microaerophilic
Facultative anaerobes
Obligate aerobes

121
Q

Generation of energy bu obligate aerobes

A

Aerobic respiration

122
Q

Generation of obligate anaerobes

A

Anaerobic respiration
Fermentation التخمر

123
Q

Generation of energy by Facultative anaerobes

A

Aerobic respiration (better)
Anaerobic respiration & fermentation

124
Q

E.g for obligate anaerobe

A

Clostridia

125
Q

E.g for obligate aerobes

A

Mycobacterium TB

126
Q

E.g for Facultative bacteria

A

Most pathogenic bacteria

127
Q

E.g for Microaerophilic

A

Campylobacter

128
Q

CO2 requirements are

A

most bacteria need only CO2 in air (0.03%)

Some are Capnophilic: need a higher con. of CO2 (5-10%)

129
Q

E.g for bacteria need high concentration of CO2

A

Pathogenic Neisseria
نايسيريا

130
Q

Physical requirements:
Temperature –>bacteria that can live in -5 to 25 °C range are called

A

Psychro(برودة)philic
Non pathogenic

131
Q

Bacteria live in range of 25 to 45 °C

A

Mesophilic دي بتاعتنا احنا
Pathogenic

132
Q

Range of Thermophilic

A

45 to 75 °C
Non pathogenic

133
Q

Optimum temp of psychrophilic

A

15

134
Q

Optimum temp of Mesophilic is

A

37°C

135
Q

Optimum temp of Thermophilic is

A

60°C

136
Q

Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) of most bacteria

A

6.5-7.5

137
Q

Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) of
Lactobacillus

A

pH= <4
Acid

138
Q

Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) of Vibrio cholera is

A

Alkaline pH= 8

139
Q

Name bacteria grow in high salt

A

Halophilic (very few)

140
Q

E.g for halophilic

A

Marine (تنتقل عبر sea food)

141
Q

Most bacteria Grow in ______ medium (1% NaCl)

A

Isotonic

142
Q

Isotonic media is

A

Same salt concentration in cytoplasm & environment

143
Q

[Bacterial Growth curve measure

A

the number of viable cells in a fluid culture medium over time مستنبتات

144
Q

[Bacterial Growth curve phases are

A

1- Lag phase تأخر
2- Exponential (logarithmic) phase نمو متسارع
3- Stationary phase ثبات
4- Decline (death) phase هبوط

145
Q

What happens to bacteria in the Lag phase

A

Adaptation by forming new enzymes

146
Q

Number remains constant but (↑ in size) in which phase

A

Lag phase

147
Q

Length of lag phase is

A

(1 hour to days)

148
Q

Length of lag phase(1 hour to days) depends on:

A

a) Type of organism
b) Type of medium
c) Size of inoculum(التلقيح)

149
Q

Clinically of lag phase is

A

Incubation period الحضانة

150
Q

Most active phase is

A

Exponential (logarithmic) phase

151
Q

Why is the Exponential phase the most active

A

Rapid ↑ in number
Highly susceptible to antibiotics

152
Q

Exponential phase Continues until:

A

a) dec. nutrients
b) ↑ toxic metabolites

153
Q

•Clinically Exponential phase

A

Clinical signs & symptoms الأعراض

154
Q

Name bacteria species that grow in pH = 8

A

Vibreo cholera

Microbiology. INFECTION (4 decks)

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