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Lindsey's D&D Unit 3 > Bacterial Genetic Variation, Gene Transfer, and Evolution of Virulence > Flashcards

Bacterial Genetic Variation, Gene Transfer, and Evolution of Virulence Flashcards

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1
Q

Name 3 general ways bacteria regulate gene expression in order to adapt to the environment.

A
  1. regulate transcription 2. DNA rearrangement 3. acquisition of new DNA segments
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2
Q

How are bacterial plasmids transferred among gram positive bacteria?

A

generalized transduction

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3
Q

What is spontaneous mutation?

A

random single base changes

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4
Q

What are complex transposons?

A

those that carry add’l genes, such as antibiotic resistance, toxins, adhesions, and other virulence factors

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4
Q

____ is naked DNA transfer, usually btw members of the same species.

A

transformation

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5
Q

Proteins that mediate transposition are called a ____.

A

transposase

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5
Q

What is the simplest method of phage-mediated gene transfer?

A

generalized transduction

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5
Q

_____ may encode antibiotic resistance, especially resistance to tetracycline.

A

Conjugative transposons

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6
Q

What is bacterial conjugation?

A

genetic transfer req contact btw donor and recipient; usu. involves a plasmid

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7
Q

What is phase variation?

A

DNA rearrangement

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8
Q

What is a large segment of DNA carried by some, but not all, bacteria that contribute to virulence called?

A

a pathogenicity island

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9
Q

What is a transposon?

A

a segment of DNA that can move itself from one chromosome to another

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10
Q

How are new DNA segments acquired?

A

lateral transfer

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10
Q

A segment of DNA that can move itself from one chromosome to another is called a ____.

A

transposon

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10
Q

Conjugative plasmids, such as transmissible drug resistance plasmids, are _____.

A

self-transmissible

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11
Q

Name 2 spontaneous mutations that are of medical importance.

A
  1. increased resistance to antimicrobials in Pseudomonas and Mycobacterium 2. single aa change in pyogenic exotoxin B of Strep. pyogenes converts it to a more invasive disease
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12
Q

____ is when bacteria integrate viral genes into their own genome and express viral virulence genes.

A

Bacteriophage conversion

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13
Q

What is a pathogenicity island?

A

large segments of DNA carried by some, but not all, bacteria that contribute to virulence

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14
Q

Generalized transducing phages are formed as a consequence of _____ during phage assembly.

A

errors in DNA packaging

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15
Q

What is a transductant?

A

the genetic recombinant

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16
Q

Plasmids may acquire new genetic material, especially by _____.

A

transposition

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18
Q

What is an insertion sequence/IS element?

A

transposons that encode transposase

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18
Q

What is transformation?

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A

naked DNA transfer, usually btw members of the same species

19
Q

What is transduction?

Study These Flashcards
A

gene transfer mediated by bacteriophages

20
What is recombination?
gene swapping/rearrangement within a single organism or btw similar organisms
22
Transposons that encode transposase are called ____ or \_\_\_\_.
insertion sequences; IS elements
23
What do Neisseria gonorrhoeae do via phase variation?
alternate cell surface pilli
23
Bacterial isolates that lack PIs may be _____ or have a different disease-causing potential.
avirulent
24
\_\_\_ plasmids, such as transmissible drug resistance plasmids, are self-transmissible.
Conjugative
26
Acquisition of new genes may alter the \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, or _____ of the new organism.
alter the virulence potential, survival characteristics, antimicrobial resistance
28
What is a circular, self-replicating, extrachromosomal piece of DNA called?
a plasmid
29
Conjugative transposons may encode antibiotic resistance, especially resistance to \_\_\_\_\_.
tetracycline
30
\_\_\_\_ carry add'l genes, such as antibiotic resistance, toxins, adhesions, and other virulence factors.
Complex transposons
31
What is generalized transduction?
any segment of the donor cell genome may be passed to another cell
32
Describe the Plasmid F.
found in lab strain E. coli; self-transmissible; 2% of chromosome; codes for autonomous replication, sex pilli, conjugative transfer, integration
34
How does Neisseria gonorrhoeae use recombination?
to produce new pilli genes
35
How are plasmids transferred?
conjugation or transduction
36
What is the oriT?
origin of transfer- where circular DNA is opened to begin the conjugation process
38
Gene swapping/rearrangement within a single organism or btw similar organisms is called \_\_\_\_\_.
recombination
39
What is a plasmid?
a circular, self-replicating, extrachromosomal piece of DNA
39
Name the stages of bacteriophage reproduction.
1. growth 2. temperate phase 3. transduction 4. bacteriophage conversion
40
Virulence genes are often only expressed under conditions of _____ within the host.
low iron
41
How are plasmids that cannot mediate their own transfer be mobilized?
by another plasmid in the same cell
43
What do Salmonella typhimurium do via phase variation?
switch btw H1 and H2 flagellar antigens
44
What is another name for bacteriophage conversion?
lysogenic conversion
45
Give an example of bacteriophage conversion.
C. diptheriae toxin, cholera toxin, scarlet fever toxin, botulism toxin
46
What is the rate of spontaneous mutation in a bacteria?
very low- 10^-6 to -10 per cell-generation
47
\_\_\_\_\_ is gene transfer mediated by bacteriophages.
transduction
48
What is bacteriophage conversion?
when bacteria integrate viral genes into their own genome and express viral virulence genes
50
What does injected DNA recombine with in order to produce a genetic recombinant?
homologous genome segments
51
What are conjugative transposons?
mobile elements that mediate the conjugation btw 2 cells- the DNA is the conjugative transposon itself
52
What is bacteriophage conversion?
when viral gene products are produced by bacteria that don't have those genes otherwise
53
What can plasmids carry?
virulence and antibiotic resistance genes
54
What is transposase?
proteins that mediate transposition
55
How do bacteria increase or decrease gene transcription?
via DNA-binding proteins that interact with the promoter regions

Lindsey's D&D Unit 3 (12 decks)

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