Host-Microbe Interactions

Question 1

Tb is an infection of a facultative _____ bacterium.

Answer 1

intracellular

Question 2

What is active entry?

Answer 2

invading the host

Question 3

What is the entry stage?

Answer 3

the 2nd step of infection; how the agent enters the host

Question 3

What is the damage stage?

Answer 3

the 5th stage of infection; how is damage caused by the agent; virulence factors

Question 3

_____ is a toxin-mediated disease; it lives intracellularly.

Answer 3

Cholera

Question 4

What factors affect the microbiome, causing it to vary among individuals?

Answer 4

1. diet 2. antibiotics 3. anatomic abnormalities (blind loop syndrome) 4. genetics

Question 5

What is an important mechanism of microbial colonization?

Answer 5

adherence

Question 5

What is the multiplication stage?

Answer 5

the 4th phase of infection; how the agent multiplies in the host; growth rates must exceed clearance

Question 6

What is an infectious disease?

Answer 6

disease caused by an infection with a microbe

Question 7

Microbes that can cause disease in normal hosts are ____.

Answer 7

frank pathogens

Question 7

Why is the microbiome important?

Answer 7

1. organ/tissue differentiation 2. production of vitamins 3. biochemical conversions 4. competes with pathogens for colonization of body surfaces

Question 7

______ causes acute inflammation and lives extracellularly.

Answer 7

Pneumococcal pneumonia

Question 8

Cholera is a _____-mediated disease; it lives _____.

Answer 8

toxin; intracellularly

Question 9

Normal body flora are found in the ____, _____, ____, and _____.

Answer 9

skin, oropharynx, large intestine, vagina

Question 9

_______’s pathology is mediated by an immune response.

Answer 9

Rheumatic fever

Question 11

What is pathogenicity?

Answer 11

ability to cause disease or host damage

Question 11

What are the resident microbes of the skin?

Answer 11

1. staph 2. corynebacteria 3. enteric bacilli

Question 14

_______ is an important first step in the pathogenesis of many microbial infections.

Answer 14

Colonization of body surfaces

Question 16

Microbes that cause disease in immunocompromised hosts but not usually normal hosts are _____.

Answer 16

opportunistic pathogens

Question 18

What is infection?

Answer 18

the process of a microbe entering into a relationship with the host; may or may not cause a disease

Question 18

______ is an infection of a facultative intracellular bacterium.

Answer 18

Tb

Question 19

What is the outcome stage?

Answer 19

the 6th and final stage of infection; who wins the battle? do they coexist? consequences?

Question 20

____ and ____ contribute to the outcome of an infectious disease.

Answer 20

Microbial and host

Question 22

What is the encounter stage?

Answer 22

the first step of infection; how the agent meets the host; dose, route, endogenous or exogenous

Question 24

What is the spread stage?

Answer 24

the 3rd step in infection; how the agent spreads from the site of entry

Question 25

What are the resident microbes of the vagina?

Answer 25

1. Strep 2. Lactobacilli 3. enteric bacilli (clostridia, pseudomonas) 4. mycoplasma

Question 26

What is adherence?

Answer 26

binding of microbial surface components to host receptors

Question 27

Name an agent that inhibits the spread of microbes thru tissues.

Answer 27

coagulase

Question 28

Pneumococcal pneumonia causes acute inflammation and lives \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 28

extracellularly

Question 29

What are the resident microbes of the oropharynx?

Answer 29

1. Micro. strep 2. Lactobacilli 3. enteric bacilli (clostridia, pseudomonas)

Question 31

What is virulence?

Answer 31

the degree of pathogenicity; capacity to cause damage

Question 32

What are the resident microbes of the oropharynx?

Answer 32

1. alpha-hemolytic strep 2. corynebacteria 3. Neisseria 4. H. bacteroides 5. Mycoplama 6. spirochetes

Question 33

What are Koch's Postulates? (4)

Answer 33

1. specific microbes present in specific diseases 2. microbes can be isolated and grown in vitro 3. injections of microbes into animals reproduces disease 4. same specific microbes can be re-isolated from new lesions

Question 34

Rheumatic fever's pathology is mediated by \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 34

an immune response

Question 35

What is passive entry?

Answer 35

via injection, bites, transfusion, organ transplants, etc

Question 36

Name 3 factors that enhance the spread of microbes thru tissues.

Answer 36

1. hyaluronidase 2. elastase 3. collagenase

Question 37

What are the 6 stages of infection?

Answer 37

1. encounter 2. entry 3. spread 4. multiplication 5. damage 6. outcome

Question 38

What does exogenous mean?

Answer 38

from the environment

Question 39

What is coagulase and how does it work?

Answer 39

an agent that inhibits microbe spreading thru tissues; promotes fibrin deposition to wall off and localize infections

Question 40

What does endogenous mean?

Answer 40

from within (the normal flora)