Bacterial Metabolism

Question 1

-synthesis of cellular constituents

Answer 1

Anabolism

Question 2

• major pathway of glucose catabolism

Answer 2

Embden-Myerhof-Parnas Pathway(glycolysis)

Question 3

-major pathway for glucose by obligate anaerobes

Answer 3

Entner-Duodoroff pathway

Question 4

-major mechanism for ATP production, final pathway for complete oxidation of amino acids,fatty acids,and carbohydrates

Answer 4

Tricarboxylic acid cycle

Question 5

-consist of polymeric backbones of repeating N acetylglucosamine and N acetyl muramic acid joined together by a tetrapeptide bonds

Answer 5

Peptidoglycan biosynthesis

Question 6

cross linked peptidoglycan-murein sacculus

Answer 6

Cell wall peptidoglycan

Question 7

envelope proteins-M proteins

Answer 7

Non peptidoglycan components

Question 8

-dispensable,does not affect viability of the cell

Answer 8

Capsular polysaccharides

Question 9

-strong rigid cell wall, devoid of protein and lipids, with teichoic acid

Answer 9

Gram positive

Question 10

-more complex, thin peptidoglycan

Answer 10

Gram negative

Question 11

Bacterial cell envelope

-contain unique LPS various proteins(transmembrane proteins) -porins,integral proteins bilayer

Answer 11

Outer membrane

Question 12

Bacterial cell envelope

-asymmetrical, LPS

Answer 12

Enteric bacteria

Question 13

Bacterial cell envelope

-all phospholipids

Answer 13

Non enteric

Question 14

Bacterial cell envelope functions

Answer 14

barrier,
filter,
attachment site for phage and conjugation, proteases and other enzymes

Question 15

-use inorganic compounds as sole source of carbon like CO2. Derive energy from light(photolithotrophs) or oxidation of inorganic(chemolithotrophs

Answer 15

Autotrophic(lithotrophs)

Question 16

• use organic compounds as carbon source like glucose.Cant use CO2 as sole source of carbon.derive energy from li(photoorganotrophs), or inorganic-(chemoorganotrophs

Answer 16

Heterotrophic(organotrophic)

Question 17

Nitrogen-major component of proteins and nucleic acids. Assimilated by

Answer 17

fixation,
reduction,
and ammonia assimilation

Question 18

Oxygen is toxic for these anaerobes which lack 2 enzymes:

Answer 18

a. Superoxide dismutase-destroys SOD

b. Catalase-destroys hydrogen peroxide

Question 19

-can resist exposure to oxygen, not killed

Answer 19

Aerotolerant anaerobes

Question 20

-can grow both under aerobic and anaerobic cond. Most medically important bacteria belong here

Answer 20

Facultative anaerobes

Question 21

• strictly require oxygen for growth ex. M.tuberculosis

Answer 21

Obligate aerobe

Question 22

-grow at low oxygen tension-damaged by normal oxygen level of oxygen ex. Campylobacter jejuni

Answer 22

Microaerophiles

Question 23

Anaerobes, except __________, utilize fermentative type of metabolism

Answer 23

facultative anaerobes

Question 24

-high temp(50-60C

Answer 24

Thermophiles

Question 25

-20-40C.-most pathogens

Answer 25

Mesophiles

Question 26

-low temp(10-20C

Answer 26

Psychrophiles

Question 27

pH-most bacteria grow at ph 6-8 (___________- most med. impt. group belong here

Answer 27

neutrophiles ph 7.5-8

Question 28

- high salt-halophile high osmotic pressure-osmophile

Answer 28

Osmotic

Question 29

Bacteria reproduce by

Answer 29

binary fission

Question 30

1 parent cell forms

Answer 30

2 progeny cells

Question 31

One bacterium will produce

Answer 31

16 bacterium after 4 generations

Question 32

- vigorous metabolic activity.period of cell adaptation  and adjustment after metabolites are depleted

Answer 32

Lag phase

Question 33

-rapid cell division. Cells are in steady state. New cells are synthesized. Cell mass increase in number

Answer 33

Log or exponential phase

Question 34

-slowing growth.living cells equals dead cells.nutrients used up.waste accumulate.spore production(radiation, dehydration), dipicolinic acid helps stabilize nucleic acids

Answer 34

Stationary

Question 35

-final phase,decline in number of bacteria, more dead bacteria than viable.spores continuously produced to survive

Answer 35

Death or decline

Question 36

-release of naked DNA into environment by lysis and direct uptake of DNA by recipient.occurs among related species.requires competence of recipient cells

Answer 36

Transformation

Question 37

-DNA passed directly by cell to cell contact during the mating of bacteria.sex-like exchange that requires sex pili.controlled by Fertility or F plasmid

Answer 37

Conjugation

Question 38

- mediated by bacteriophage. bacteriophage picks up fragments of DNA and package them into bacteriophage particles.DNA is delivered into infected cells and incorporated into recipients genome

Answer 38

Transduction

Question 39

Autonomous extrachromosomal elements composed of circular double stranded DNA. Can replicate on their own

Answer 39

Plasmids

Question 40

- codes for sex pilus

Answer 40

F plasmid

Question 41

- codes for resistance to various antibiotics

Answer 41

R plasmid

Question 42

-codes for virulence

Answer 42

Vir plasmid

Question 43

Exceptions to Kochs Postulate

Answer 43

``` Carriers Viruses M.leprae, T.pallidum Some animals like rats Certain disease develop only in immunocompromised individuals ```

Question 44

- “first encounter” but no symptoms yet

Answer 44

Incubation period

Question 45

- period of disease onset

Answer 45

Prodrome

Question 46

- period of maximal illness

Answer 46

Invasion period

Question 47

- manifestations decline

Answer 47

Defervescence

Question 48

-regains full strength

Answer 48

Convalescence

Question 49

-substrate breakdown to usable energy

Answer 49

Catabolism