BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND CLASSIFICATIO Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
General Characteristics of Bacteria
A
Minute unicellular organisms
Vary in shapes
Vary in size
Possess a cell wall
Multiply by Binary Fission
2
Q
Collective term for the outer layer
A
CELL ENVELOPE
➢Outer membrane
➢ Periplasm
➢ Cell Wall
➢ Cell membrane
3
Q
Bilayer
A
Cell envelope
4
Q
Cell envelope of Gram (-)
A
Periplasm
5
Q
Present in both Gram (-) and (+)
A
Cell membrane
6
Q
Functions of Cell envelope
A
Acts as osmotic barrier
For energy generation
Hydrolytic enzymes
Biosynthetic function
Chemotactic system
7
Q
Composition of Cell Wall
A
Peptidoglycan
8
Q
Cell wall is common to all bacteria except?
A
Mycoplasma
9
Q
Rigid layer that surrounds the cell membrane.
Vary in composition
A
Cell Wall
10
Q
Functions of Cell wall
A
Rigidity
Protection against osmotic pressure
Contributes to pathogenicity
Site of antigenic determinants
11
Q
Components of Gram (+) Cell wall
A
Peptidoglycan
Teichoic Acid
12
Q
Types of Teichoic acid
A
Wall teichoic acid
Membrane teichoic acid
13
Q
Cell wall linked to polypeptidoglycan
A
Wall teichoic acid
14
Q
Cell wall linked to the cell membrane
A
Membrane teichoic acid
15
Q
Wall less variants of normal cells. Wall-less due to chemicals and other factors.
L forms/phase Types
A
Protoplast
Spheroplast
15
Q
Gram (-) Cell wall composition
A
Peptidoglycan
Outer membrane
proteins
bilayer of phospholipids
porins
Lipopolysaccharides
Lipoprotein
16
Q
Gram (-) cell wall outer membrane composition
A
Proteins
Bilayer of phospholipids
Porins
17
Q
Wall- less bacterium
Naturally occurring; resistant to antibiotics
A
Mycoplasma
18
Q
plant cells that have had their cell walls removed by treatment with cellulytic enzymes
A
Protoplast
19
Q
a microbial cell from which the cell wall has been almost completely removed, as by the action of penicillin or lysozyme
A
Spheroplast
20
Q
Composed of polysaccharide
Surface adherents
A
GLYCOCALYX
21
Q
Firmly attached to cell wall
Thick, well organized structure
Not easily washed off
Virulence factor
A
CAPSULE
22
Q
Loosely associated with the cell wall
Diffused, unorganized layer
Easily washed off
A
Slime layer
23
Q
Protection
For attachment or adherence to
other cell tissues on body cells
Resistance to phagocytosis
A
Glycocalyx
24
Arise from the surface of the bacterium
Cell Appendage
25
Types of Surface Adherents
Capsule
Slime Layer
26
Long, hair or whip like filamets
Flagella/flagellum
27
Composed of CHON known as FLAGELLIN
Flagella
28
Chon is known as?
Flagellin
29
Types of Flagellin
Atrichous
Monotrichous
Lophotrichous
Amphitrichous
Peritrichous
30
No flagella
Atrichous
31
Single Flagella
Monotrichous
32
Numerous flagella at one end
Lophotrichous
33
Numerous flagella at both end
Amphitrichous
34
Flagella all over
Peritrichous
35
Not involved in motility
Shorter than flagellum
PILIN
PILI OR FIMBRIAE
36
Types of Pili or Fimbrae
Ordinary or common pili
Sex pili
37
Transfer of genetic material from one cell to another cell which are in diret c ontact with each other
Conjugation
38
Found in Spirochetes
Axial Filament or Afibril
39
Modifiel Flagellum called as?
Endoflagellum
40
Enclosed in a cell and is responsible for motility of spirochetes
Endoflagellum
41
Dense gelatinous mass
70-80% water
Cytoplasm
42
How much percentage of water is the cytoplasm of bacteria?
70-80%
43
Cytoplasmic Structures
Ribosomes
Mesosomes
Granules or inclusion
Nucleoid
Plasmid
Spores
44
Can only be killed in autoclave
Cytoplasm of bacteria
45
Factors of resistance of Cytoplasm of bacteria
Spore rich in Calcium, Vitamin D and Dipicolinin Acid
Dehydrated state (15%)
Inert or inactive state
Block entry
46
Site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
47
Invagination; site of DNA recognition
Mesosomes
48
Glycogen and polyposmic granules in cytoplasmic structure
Granules or inlucions
49
Contains DNA
nucleoid
50
Has genetic elements
Plasmid
51
Formed when bacteria at adverse physical and chemical conditions
Spores
52
Spore parts
Spore
Core
Cytoplasmic Membrane
Spore wall
Cortex
Keratin Spore coat
53
Thich layer of less cross-linked peptidoglycan in spore
Cortex
54
Normal and peptidoglycan in spore
Spore wall
55
The Core of Spore contains?
DNA
Ribosomes
Glycolytic
Enzymes
56
Can survive adverse conditions for years
Spore
57
Contains protein in spore
Keratin Spore Coat
58
Shape and position of bacterial spore
NON BULGING
Oval Cental
Spherical Central
Oval sub terminal
BULGING
Oval sub terminal
Oval terminal
Spherical terminal
Free spore
59
Basic shapes of Bacteria
Spherical (Cocci)
Rod (Bacilli)
Spiral
Pleomorphic
Involuted
60
Round or spherical cells
Coccus or Cocci
61
Arrangements according to round (Cocci)
Singly
Pair
Gaps of 4
Cubical packets
Chains
Clusters
62
Bacterial Morphology (Arrangements) according to Spherical
Monococcus
Diplococcus
Streptococcus
Tetracoccus
Sarcina
Staphylococcus
63
Rod-shaped or elongated
Rounded or flattened ends
Bacillus or Bacilli
64
Intermidiate of cocci and bacilli
Coccobacillus
65
Bacterial Morphology (Arrangement) of Bacilli
Coccobacillus
Bacillus
Diplobacilli
Streptobacilli
Palisades
66
Cylindrical and convoluted
SPIRAL
67
Groups of Spiral Bacterial Morphology
Vibrio
Spirillum
Spirochetes
68
Types of Spirochetes
Treponema
Leptospira
Borrelia
69
Miscellaneous forms
Pleomorphic
Involuted
70
Characterized by different shapes occuring in normal or favorable conditions
Pleomorphic
71
Different shapes occuring in abnormal and unfavorable conditions
Involuted
72
It can change its morphology
Pleomorphic
73
Can change shape because of external factors
Involuted
74
Division on one plane can produce?
diplococci and streptococci
75
Division on two planes at right angle can form?
Tetrads
76
Division on three or more plances can form?
Clusters or cell packets
77
Cells are arranged beside each other
Picket fence arrangement or palisade
arrangement
SLIPPING
78
Cells bend at their point of division
Chinese letter arrangement
SNAPPING
79
Positions after division
Slipping
Snapping
80
they do not require oxygen
Anaerobes
80
organisms that require normal atmospheric oxygen
Aerobes
81
primarily aerobes which can survive in
the absence of oxygen
Facultative anaerobes
82
primarily anaerobes which can survive in
the presence of oxygen
Facultative aerobes
83
organisms requiring low concentration of
oxygen
Microaerophiles
84
require increase carbon dioxide
content (5-10%)
Capnophile organisms
85
Can be maintained be using candle jar or CO2 incubator
Capnophile organisms
86
lowest temp. at which organisms may grow
Minimum
87
Psychrophile
OPTIMUM
MAXIMUM
MINIMUM
Temperature required
15C
20C
0C
87
highest temp. at which organisms can grow
Maximum
88
temp. at which organisms grow best
Optimum
89
Thermophile
OPTIMUM
MAXIMUM
MINIMUM
Temperature required
50-60C
75C
45C
90
Mesophile
OPTIMUM
MAXIMUM
MINIMUM
Temperature required
20-40C
40C
15-20C
91
Degree of acidity or basicity of the solution
PH OF THE MEDIUM
92
Human Pathogens:
Neutrophiles
Acidophiles
Alkalinophiles
93
Neutrophiles
pH requirement
6.5-7.5 pH
94
Acidophiles
pH requirement
acidic medium for growth
95
Alkalinophiles
pH requirement
Basic medium for growth
96
Osmotic pressure requirements
Isotonic or hypotonic
Hypertonic
Halophiles
Halotolerant
97
Pressure where bacteria can survive
Isotonic or Hypotonic
98
Pressure where osmophiles can survive
Hypertonic
99
Pressure where there is increase salt concentration
Halophiles
100
Pressure where it does not require increase salt concentration for growth
Halotolerant
101
Type for moisture
Water or solvent
102
Nutrition for synthesis of cell composition
Carbon
103
Carbon nutrition for particular cell growth includes?
autotrophs
Heterotrophs
Phototrophs
Chemotrophs
104
Need a nutrition of CO2
Autotrophs
105
Its nutrition depends on other organisms
Heterotrophs
106
Its nutrition is derived from sunlight or organic carbon
Phototrophs
107
Its nutrition is obtained energy through oxidation (e.g Fe)
Chemotrophs
108
Nutrition for systhesis of protein, DNA, and RNA
Nitrogen
109
Bacteria that require Mineral Nutritions
Lithotrophs
Organotrophs
110
Nutritions for Cell growth
Carbon
Nitrogen
Minerals
Salt
111
Levels of growth
Cellular growth
Population growth
112
Mode of repoduction
Binary fission or Transverse fission
113
Parent cell gives rise to 2 new daughter cells
Binary fission
114
Growth is individually
Cellular growth
115
Gowth is increase in number
Population growth
116
Described as exponential or logarithmic only if there is favorable condition
Growth rate
117
Time required for a single cell to divide and produce two
daughter cells
generation time
118
Log of numbers of bacteria
0-5 hours
Lag phase
Exponential growth phase
Stationary phase
5-10 hours
Death or decline phase
119
Counting number of colony in a plate
Viable count technique
120
Count techniques in determining bacterial growth
Pour plate method
Spread plate technique
Membrane filter method
121
Counting total number of bacteria
microscopically
DIRECT MICROSCOPY
122
Techniques of Direct microscopy
Counting Chamber
Electric Counters
123
the number of tiny
particles or bacteria in a
suspension is INVERSELY
proportional in relation to the amount of light transmitted.
Turbidimetry
124
Process in which a new recombinant chromosome is formed
by combining genetic material from two organisms.
Genetic recombination
125
Genetic transfer between 2 cells
Conjugation
Transduction
Transformation
126
Transfer of genetic material from a donor cell to the
recipient cell when they are in physical contact with each other
CONJUGATION
127
Direct transfer
Controlled by F Plasmid or F Factor
CONJUGATION
128
Transfer of genetic material by means of bacterial virus
BACTERIOPHAGE
TRANSDUCTION
129
Types of TRANSDUCTION
GENERALIZED
SPECIALIZED
130
Type of transduction that can carry any part of DNA
Generalized
131
Type of transduction that carry specific part of DNA
Specialized
132
Transfer of genetic material in bacteria where the
recipient cell take up free or naked DNA from its
environment.
Transformation
133
2 methods of occurrence of Transformation
Nature
Laboratory
