Bacteriology Flashcards by Jerold Justo

The gold color of S. Aureus is due to the pigment

Staphylotoxin

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Habitat of s. Aureus

Anterior nares

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Beta hemolytic bacteria

S. Aureus
S. Pyogenes
S. Agalactiae
Listeria

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Immunimodulator in S. aureus responsible for preventing complement activation

Protein A

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Immunimodulator of S. aureus specific for WBC

Panton valentine leukocidin

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Other name of hyaluronidase

Spreading factor

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Toxin of staph aureus responsible for epidermal separation

Extoliatin

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Toxin of s. Aureus that causes necrosis of the skin and hemolysis

Alpha toxin

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Differentiate impetigo in staph and strep

Staph aureus - impetigo bullosa

strep - impetigo contagiosa

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Most common cause of acute endocarditis

Staph aureus

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Sequestered focus of osteomyelitis arising in the metaphyseal area of long bones

Brodie abscess

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MC Cause of septic arthritis

Staph aureus

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Most common cause of septic arthritis in sexually active people

N. Gonnorhoea

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Mechanism of exfoliatin in SSSS

Exfoliatin cleaves desmoglein in desmosomes

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In ritter disease, separation of the epidermis happens in what layer? In TEN?

Stratum granulosum

Dermo-epidemoid junction

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Toxic shock syndrome is due to what toxin

TSST-1

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Unique to toxic shock syndrome of staph compared to strep

No demonstrable focus and blood cs is negative

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Usual risk factor/scenario in staph aureus TSS

Tampon-using

Nasal packing

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Heirarchy of treatment of S.aureus

MSSA - penicillinase resistant penicillins (nafcillin, oxacillin,dicloxacillin)
MRSA- vancomycin
VRSA - linezolid

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Morphology of staph epid in blood agar

Whitish
Non-hemolytic

Previously called staphylococcus albus

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Mnemonic for novobiocin sensitivity

NO StRES

Novobiocin

Saprophyticus resistant
Epidermidis sensitive

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Staph epid contains ____ that makes it adhere well to foreign bodies

Glycocalyx

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Most common cause of prosthetic valve endocarditis/septic arth in prosthetic joints/VP shunts

S. epidermidis

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Treatment of staph epid

Vancomycin (50% are resistant to Methicillin)

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Treatment for catalase pos, coagulase neg bacteria

Vancomycin

2nd most common cause of UTI in sexually active women

S. Saprophyticus

Treatment for Staph saprophyticus

TMP-SMX | QUINOLONES

Catalase negative Alpha hemolytic Bile optochin sensitive

S. Pneumoniae

Catalase negative Alpha hemolytic Bile optochin resistant

Viridans streptococci

Catalase negative Beta hemolytic Bacitracin sensitive

S. Pyogenes

Catalase negative Beta hemoytic Bacitracin resistant

S. agalactiae

Catalase negative | Gamma hemolytic

Group D strep

Group A and Group B in strep are named ____ grouping

Lancefield grouping

A positive PYR test for a streptococci rule in

S. pyogenes and group D streptococci

Mnemonic for bacitracin sensitivity

B-BRAS Bacitracin B strep - resistant A strep sensitive

Other name of DNase in strep pyogenes? | What is its function?

Streptodornase Degases DNA in exudates or necrotic tissue

Toxin thag produced scarlet fever

Erythrogenic toxin

Oxygen labile and oxygen stable toxins of strep

Streptolysin O - oxygen labile | Streptolyson S - oxygen stable

Superantigen found in strep similar to TSST-1

Pyogenic exotoxin A

Protease that rapidly destroys tissue causing necrotizing fasciitis in strep pyogenes

Exotoxin B

Documents antecedent skin infection for s. Pyogenase

Anti-DNase B

In impetigo contagiosa, neutrophils accumulate in what layer of the epidermis?

Beneath the stratum corneum

Cellulitis is facilitated by what factor in strep pyogenes?

Spreading factor or hyaluronidase

Necrotizing fasciitis is facilitated by what toxin in strep pyogenes

Exotoxin B

Most common bacterial cause of sore throat

S pyogenes

Characteristic of rash in scarlet fever

Sandpaper rash

Found on armpits and inguinal area in scarlet fever

Pastia's lines

Susceptibility test for scarlet fever

Dick test

In streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, there is no demonstrable focus and blood cs is usually negative. t or F

PSGN is most common post pharyngitis or post impetigo?

Postimpetigo

DoC in GABHS

Penicillin G

GBS can hydrolyze

Hippurate

Habitat of GBS

Vagina

Test to identify GBS

CAMP test

GBS can be cultured using what broth

LIM broth

Most common cause of neonatal meningitis

GBS

Drug of choice in GBS

Penicillin G

All pregnant women should be screened for GBS at what AOG

35-37 weeks

Chemoprophylaxis with what 4hrs prior to delivery should be done for GBS

IV penicillin Ampicillin 4 hrs prior to delivery

group D strep hydrolyzes

Esculin BEA - bile esculin agar

How do you differentiae E. Faecalis from s. Bovis?

E faecalis can grow in 6.5% NaCl | S. bovis does not

Endocarditis for patients who underwent GI surgery is usually due to

E. faecalis

_____ endocarditis is seen in patients with abdominal malignancy due to S. bovis

Marantic endocarditis

Lancet shaped cocci

Strep pneumoniae

Strep pneumonia is positive in what reaction

Quellung reaction

Mnemonic for optochin sensitivity

OVERPAS Optochin Viridans resistant Pneumoniae sensitive

Mnemonic for Quellung reaction

Quellung- capsular swellung

Mnemonic for encapsulated bacteria

Some killers have pretty nice and shiny bodies ``` Strep pneumoniae Klebsiella Haemophilus influenza Pseudomonas aeruginosa Neiserria meningitidis Salmonella typhi B group streptococci ```

In strep pneumoniae, ____ reacts with CRP, ___ is for colonization, and ____ retards phagocytosis

C-substance IgA protease Capsule

Carrier protein of conjugated vaccine for pneumonia

Diphtheria toxoid

Viridans streptococci is a group if bacteria composed of

S. Mutans S. Sanguis S intermedius

Viridans strep implicated in dental caries

S mutans

Mnemonic for bile optochin resistance

Viridans strep live in the mouth hence they are not afraid OP THE CHIN (optochin resistant)

Viridans strep impliated in subacute bacterial endocarditis

S. Sanguis

Viridans strep implicated in brain abscess

S intermedius

Spore forming genus in gram positive rods

Clostridium | Bacillus

Aerobic non motile box car shaped gram positive rod

Bacillus anthracis

Spore forming gram positive rod Anaerobic Tennis racket like

Clostridium tetani

Type of paralysis in tetanus vs botulinum

Spastic - tetanus | Flaccid - botulinum

Medusa head morphology

Bacillus anthracis

Gram positive rod | Double hemolysis

Clostridum perfringens

Agar for clostridium perfringens

Egg yolk agar

Antibiotic associated diarrhea

C. Difficile

Aerobic, non motile Chinese characters Gram positive rod

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Tumbling motility

Listeria monocytogenes

Anthrax habitat

Soil

Antiphagocytic capsule in anthrax

Poly d glutamate

2 factors in anthrax

Lethal factor and edema factor

Anthrax Factor that inhibits signal transduction in cell division

Lethal factor

Mediates entry of the 2 factors in anthrax

Protective antigen

In cutaneous anthrax, there is formation of

Malignang pustule | With eschar and central necrosis

Transmission of anthrax

Infected animals or inhalation of spores from animal hair or wool

Other name for bacillus anthracis

Woolsorter's disease

When anthrax is inhaled, do we see the effects immediately?

No. There is a prolonged latent period of 2 months.

Death from inhalational anthrax is due to

Hermorrhagic mediastinitis

Most common cause of death is hemorrhagic mediastinitis in these diseases

Mediastinal anthrax Weil's syndrome Congenital syphilis

Mortality rate in cutaneous anthrax compared to GI and inhalational

Cutaneous 20% | Inhalational and GI - 100%

DOC for cutaneous anthrax

Ciprofloxacin

DOC for inhalational or GI anthrax

Cipro or doxy plus 2 additional antibiotics

Enterotoxins in B.cereus

Heat labile enterotoxin and heat stable enterotoxin

Heat stable vs heat labile toxin of b. Cereus

Heat stable - staphylococcal like | Heat labile - cholera like

Spectrum of disease in B cereus

Emetic form Diarrheal form Ophthalmitis

Clostridium tetani spore is at one end rendering it with that _____ look

Tennis racket

Habitat of clostridium tetani

Soil

Tetanus toxin

Tetanospasmin

Action of tetanospasmin

Protease that cleaves proteins involved in the release of glycine in Renshaw cells

DOC for tetanus (differentiate between DOC in all other textbooks and harrisons)

PEN G | Harrisons- metrondiazole

If wound is clean,minor and the latieng has less than 3 doses of tetanus toxoid what do we do?

Administer TeANA (toxoid)

If a person has a contaminated wound with more than 3 doses of tetanus toxoid before more than 5 years ago, do we still give the toxoid?

Yes

Botulinum toxin is heat labile or stable?

Heat labile

How many typesnof toxins are seen in botulinum and what types are most common in humans?

8 types Type A B E

Botox is a commercial preparation of exotoxin ___

Bulbar signs of food borne botulism

Diplopia Dysphonia Dysarthria Dysphagia

Triad of botulism

Flaccid paralysis with prominent bulbar involvement Absence of fever Intact sensorium

Infant botulism is due to

Absence of competitive bowel microbes

Botokinum antitoxin

Trivalent (ABE)

Clostridium perfringens shows what type of hemolysis in blood agar

Double hemolysis

Clostridium perfringens grows on

Egg yolk agar

Gas gangrene in clostridium perfringens is caused by which of the ff toxins

Alpha toxin (lecithinase)

Exotoxin is found where in clostridium difficile infection?

Stool

Exotoxin in stool is detected by

Cytopathic effect on cultured cells or elisa

Transmission of C difficile

Fecal oral route | Hands of hospital personnel

Culprit antibiotics in c difficile infection

Clinda, 2 and 3rd gen cephalosporin | Ampicillin

Visual result of exotoxin A and B in c difficile

Pseudomembranes

Infection of c difficile can precipitate flare ups of

Ulcerative colitis

What causes psudomembranous pharyngitis

C diphtheriae

What causes pseudomembranous esophagitis?

Candidiasis

Treatment for c dofficile infection

Withdraw causative antobiotic | Treat with oral metronidazole or vancomycin

Club or comma shaped gram pos rods arranged in V or L

C diphtheriae

Chinese characters

C diptheriae

Granules found in diphtheria

Babes ernst granules/ volutin granules

C diphtheriae are black colonies in what agar?

Tellurite agar

Exotoxin of C. diphtheriae inhibits protein synthesis by adding ADP ribose to

Elongation factor 2 (EF2)

Subunit ___ of the exotoxin of diphtheria binds the toxin to cell surface while subunit ___ has ado robosylating activity

B | A

Exotoxin in diphtheria is encoded by a

Beta prophage

ABCDEFG of diphtheria

``` ADP ribosylatiob Beta prophage Corynebacterium Diphtheriae Elongation factor 2 Granules (metachromatic) ```

ABCDE of beta prophage encoded toxins

``` Shiga like toxin (EHEC) Botulinum toxin Cholera toxin Diphtheria toxin Erythrogenic toxin ```

Treatment of diphtheria

Antitoxin and pen G

Diphtheria toxid is usuallly combined with

Tetanus toxoid and pertussis

Motility of listeria

Tumbling

Pattern of hemolysis of listeria

Narrow beta hemolysis

Weird characteristic of listeria growth

There is paradoxical growth in cold temp (cold enhancement)

Transmission of listeria

(placenta or delivery)

Listeria can be ingested in

Unpasteurized milk products

Pathogenesis of listeria (3)

Internalin Listeriolysin Actin rockets

Escape from phagosomes is done by listeria through

Listeriolysin

Moa of internalin in listeria infxn

Interacts with E cadherin in the surface of cells

Early onset neonatal listeriosis is also known as

Granulomatosis infantiseptica

Late onset neonatal listeriosis usually manifests as

Meningitis

Treatment for listeria

Ampicillin with or without gentamicin

Encapsulated gram neg diplococci thag ferments maltose and glucose

N. meningitidis

Gram neg diplococci Insignificant capsule Ferments glucose

N. gonorrhoea

N meningitidis is known as a disease of ___ hence its high carriage rate in _____

Proximity Close quarters

Only natural hosts of N. Meningitidis

Humans

Late acting complement components

C5-C9

Which form of meningitis is more severe? Presence of rash or headache and stiff neck

Rash - shows dissemination in meningococcemia

What do you call the purpuric rash in meningococcemia

Purpura fulminans

Most severe form of meningococcemia

Waterhouse friderichsen syndrome

Treatment for meningococcemia

Pen G

Meningococcal vaccine contains polysaccharide strains of

A C Y W135

Meningococcal vaccine is usually coupled to this carrier protein to enhance immunogenicity

Diphtheria toxoid

What drug do you give to close contacts for chemoprophylaxis of meningococcemia

Rifampicin

HACEK organisms

``` Haemophilis aprophilus Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Cardiobacterium hominis Eikenella corrodens Kingella kingae ```

Capsule diff of meningitidis and gonorrhoea

Meningitidis - encapsulated | Gonorrhea - insignificant capsule

N meningitidis is oxidase positive in what agar while N gonorrhoea is oxidase positive in what agar?

Chocolate agar Thayer martin agar

Thayer martin agar contains ___ to isolate growth of N. gonorrhoea

VCN Vancomycin Colistin Nystatin

In gonorrhoea, there is usually co infection of

Chlamydia trachomatis

Most common cause of urethritis

N gonorrhea

Cervical infection with gonorrhea but with no complication of chlamydia

Uncomplicated gonococcal cervicitis

Treatment for gonorrhea

Ceftriaxone + doxycycline (for chlamydia) Change doxy to azithromycin in pregnant patients

Cause of culture negative subacute bacterial endocarditis

Eikenella corrodens Kingella kingae Check HACEK group

Mnemonic for zoonoses

Bugs from your pets Brucella abortus Francisella tularensis Yersinia pestis Pasteurella multocida

Bordet gengou agar

Bordetella pertussis

Capsule of H influenzae

Type B Polyribitol phosphate

Agar medium for h. Influenzae

Chocolate agar with factor X (hemin) and factor V (NAD)

Legionella stain

Silver stain

Bacteria associated with airconditioning

Legionella

Agar for legionella

Charcoal yeast agar

H. Influenzae - S aureus relationship

Satellite phenomenon Needs Factor V NAD of S. aureus

Most common cause of epiglotitis

H. influenzae

Most common cause of LTB

ParainfluenzA 1 and 2

Treatement for LTB

Racemic epinephrine

Mnemonic H influenzae h influenzae causes

haEMOPhilus EMOP Epiglotitis Meningitis Otitis media Pneumonia

Treatment for H influenzae infection

Ceftriaxone

Bacterial LTB

Bordetella pertussis

Culture media for bordetella pertussis

Regan Lowe charcoal medium

Causes whooping in pertussis

Tracheal cytotoxin

Pathogenesis of whooping cough

Filamentous hemagluttinin Pertussis toxin Tracheal cytotoxin False adenylate cyclase

Other name for pertussis

Tuspirina

Tx for whooping cough

Erythromycin

Facultative intracellular bacteria mnemonic

Some Bugs May Live FacultitaveLY ``` Salmonella Brucella Mycobacterium Listeria Francisella Legionella Yersinia ```

3 most common causes of atypical pneumonia

Legionella Mycoplasma Chlamydia pneumoniae

Sole virulence factor of legionella

Endotoxin

Legionella causes atypical pneumonia. However there is a mild flulike illness that it also causes called ____

Pontiac fever

Comma shaped bacteria

CHV Campylobacter jejuni Helicobacter pylori Vibrio cholerae

Mnemonic for lactose fermenters

Lactose is KEE, grow in MacConKEE agar CKEE Citrobacter Klebsiella Escherichi Enterobacter

Campylobacter grows on

Skirrow's agar

Mrophology of E coli on EMB agar

Green sheen (metallic)

Typing of E. Coli is by

O and H antigens

Enterotoxins of E coli

HST and HLT cause watery diarrhea | Verotoxin (shiga like) toxin causes bloody diarrhea

Mnemonics for enterobacteriaceae

MESSY SPECK ``` Morganella Escherichia Shigella Salmonella Yersinia ``` ``` Serratia Proteus Enterobacter Citrobacter Klebsiella ```

Most common causes of neonatal meningitis

BEL B group streptococci E coli Listeria

E coli strain that cause HUS

EHEC

E coli strain with bloody diarrhea but no HUS

EIEC

E coli strain in HIV

EAEC Enteroadherent e coli

Salmonella culture

XLD medium Xylose lysine deoxycholate medium

Bacteriology Flashcards

(206 cards)