✅Parasitology Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
Simple life cycle is defined as
A
Having one host only
2
Q
Free living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host
A
Spurious parasite
3
Q
Types of hosts. Define each.
A
Definitive or final host - parasite attains sexual maturity
Intermediate hosts - harbors asexual or larval stages
Paratenic hosts - parasite does not develop further to later stages
Reservoir hosts - allow life cycle to continue and become addl sources of human infections
4
Q
Types of vectors. Describe each.
A
Biologic - transmits parasite only after it has completed its development
Mechanical or phoretic vector - transmits only the parasite
5
Q
E. Histolytica trophozoites secrete ____ which digest cellular material
A
Cysteine proteases
6
Q
T. gambiense mechanism if immune evasion
A
Antigenic variation (surface protein variation)
7
Q
Example of a facultative parasite
A
Strongyloides stercoralis
8
Q
T gambiense evades the immune system by
A
Antigenic variation
9
Q
E granulosus evades the immune system by
A
Carrying blood group antigens
10
Q
Toxoplasma evades the immune sysem by
A
Multiplying inside macrophages
11
Q
E histolytics produces suppressor factor that
A
Inhibits monocyte movement.
12
Q
Kingdim protozoa is divided into
A
Sarcodina
Sporozoa
Mastigophora
Ciliata
13
Q
Helminths (metazoa) are divided into
A
Nemathelminthes (roundworms)
Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
- – trematoda (flukes)
- – cestoda (tapeworms)
14
Q
Movement of entamoeba
A
Pseudopods
Brownian movement
15
Q
Infective stage of entamoeba histolytica
A
Mature cysts
16
Q
Virulence factors of entamoeba
A
Lectin - mediates adherence
Amebapores - penetration
Cyseteine proteases
17
Q
Spectrum of disease of entamoeba
A
Cyst carrier
Amebic colitis - dysentery without fever
Ameboma - assoc with dysentery
Amebic liver abscess
18
Q
Most common extraintestinal form of entamoeba
A
Amebic liver abscess
19
Q
Morphology of ulcers in amebic colitis
A
Flask shaped
20
Q
Treatment of amoeba in cyst carrier state, amebic colitis and amebic liver abscess
A
Cyst carrier state - diloxanide furoate
Amebic colitis and amebic liver abscess - metronidazole
Add percutaneous drainage for non responders in amebic liver abscess
21
Q
3 protozoans that can be treated wity metronidazole
A
Entamoeba
Giardia
Trichomonas
22
Q
Luminal agents in amoebiasis include
A
Diloxanide furoate
Iodoquinol
Paromomycin
23
Q
Protozoan
Old’s man’s face
Falling leaf motility
A
Giardia lamblia
24
Q
Infective stage of giardia
A
Cyst
25
Diagnostic stage of giardia
Cysts and trophozoites
26
Most common cause of backpacker's diarrhea
Giardia lamblia
27
Main pathophysiology of giardia infection
Malabsorption
28
Symptoms of giardiasis -acute
Ab pain
Diarrhea
EXCESSIVE FLATUS SMELLING LIKE ROTTEN EGGS
29
Parasitic cause of Diarrhea In HIV
Cryptosporidium parvum
30
Infective and diagnostic stage of cryptosporidium parvum
Thick walled oocysts
31
Urogenital protozoan
Trichomonas vaginalis
32
Protozoan with no cyst stage
Trichomonas vaginalis
33
Characteristic transmission of trichomonas
Ping pong transmission
| Sexual intercourse
34
Characteristic cervic in trichomonas
Strawberry cervix
35
Disease presentation of trichomoniasis
Watery foul smelling greenish vaginal discharge accompanied by itching and burning
36
Strawberry gallbladder
Cholesterolosis
37
Berry aneurysms
Investigate for
SAH
ADPKD
COARCTATION
38
Mulberry molars
Congenital syphilis
39
Mulberry tumor
Tuberous sclerosis
40
Blueberry muffin baby
Congenital rubella
CMV
Disseminated neuroblastoma
41
Grape like vesicles
Hydatidiform mole
42
Grape like odor
P. aeruginosa
43
Banana shaped gametocytes
Plasmodium falciparum
44
Banana shaped left ventricle
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
45
Orange cast skin
Leptospirosis
46
Orange colonies
N. asteroides
47
Pear shaped trophozoites
Giardia
| Trichomonas
48
Pear shaped organ
Prostate
49
How is trichomonas vaginalis treated?
Single dose oral metronidazole 2grams (4 -500mg tab)
50
Most impt parasitic disease in man
Malaria
51
Definitive host of plasmodium
Mosquito
52
Malaria is transmitted by -_____
Anopheles flavirostris minimus
53
Infective stage of malaria
Sporozoites
54
Dormant form of plasmodium vivax and ovale in the liver are called
Hypnozoites
55
To treat hypnozoites, treat with
Primaquine
56
Malarial schizonts released from the blood
Merozoites
57
Partial immunity called ____ is seen in individuals who completely recover from falciparum malaria
Preminition
58
Asexual cycle of all plasmodia is 48 hrs except
P malariae
72 hrs
Also benign quartan periodicity
59
Plasmodium that has the affinity for young RBCs
Vivax and ovale
60
Merozoites are highest in plasmodium ___
Vivax
61
Identify malarial species mentioned :
Banana shaped gametocytes
P. Falciparum
62
Identify malarial species mentioned :
Large round gametocytes
Vivax
63
Identify malarial species mentioned :
Small round gametocyte
Ovale
64
Identify malarial species mentioned :
Cerebral malaria
Falciparum
65
Increased severity of a disease after remission
Recrudescence
66
Identify malarial species mentioned :
Recrudescence
Falciparum
| Malariae
67
Identify malarial species mentioned :
Relapse
Vivax
| Ovale
68
Malarial relapse is due to
Reactivation of hypnozoites
69
Malarial diagnosis using
Thin and thick smears
Thick - screen for presence
Thin - species identification
70
Malarial diagnosis has the highest yield when blood samples are taken during
Fever or
| 2-3 hours after peak
71
Malarial dots in P. Falciparum
| Describe.
MAURER DOTS - Coarse granulations seen in RBCs
72
Malarial dots in P malariae
| Describe.
ZIEMANN DOTS
| FINE DOTS present in RBCs
73
Malarial dots in P. Vivax and ovale
| Describe.
SCHUFFNER DOTS
| punctate granulations present in RBCs
74
Granulomas in cerebral malaria
Durck granulomas
75
Acute renal failure in malaria
Blackwater fever
76
Septic shock in malaria
Algid malaria
77
Areas of high malarial endemicity
Palawan
Kalinga apayao
Ifugao
Agusan del sur
78
Areas of high malarial chloroquine resistance
Palawan, davao del norte, compostela valley
PDC
79
Classic textbook treatment for malaria
Falciparum - chloroquine
| Vivax and ovale - chloroquine + primaquine
80
Give the malarial drug
Tissue schizonticide
Primaquine
81
Give the malarial drug
Blood schizonticide
Chloroquine
| Quinine
82
Give the malarial drug
Gametocide
Primaquine
83
Give the malarial drug
Sporonticide
Proguanil
| Pyrimethamine
84
Name the treatment for malaria in the following:
Chloroquine resistance
Mefloquine +doxy
85
Name the treatment for malaria in the following:
Eradication of hypnozoites
Primaquine
86
Name the treatment for malaria in the following:
Severe cases or pregnant patients
Quinidine
| Quinine
87
Insect repellants with _____ can be used in malaria.
DEET
88
Ex of biological modification of malaria
Cultivation of snails that eat up mosquito larvae
89
Definitive host if toxoplasma
Cat
90
Transmission of toxoplasma
Ingestion of cysts in raw meat and contaminated food
| Transplacentally
91
Infective stage of toxoplasma gondii
Fecal oocysts
92
2 types of toxoplasma trophozoites
Tachyzoites
| Bradyzoites
93
Preferred diagnostic test for toxoplasmosis
IgM antibody
94
Heterophile negative mononucleosis
CMV and Toxoplasma
95
Findings of enceph in toxoplasmosis
Ring enhancing lesions
96
Intracranial findings in congenital toxoplasmosis
Intracranial calcifications
97
Treatment of toxoplasmosis
Sulfadiazine plus pyrimethamine
98
Trypanosoma cruzi is transmitted by the
Reduviid bug / triatoma bug
99
Infective stage of T. Cruzi
Metacyclic trypomastigotes
100
Treatment for chagas disease
Nifurtimox
101
Most frequently and severely affected tissie in chagas disease
Cardiac muscle
102
Allowing an uninfected, laboratory raised reduviid bug to feed on the patient for dX
Xenodiagnosis
103
Periorbital edema in acute chagas disease
Romaña's sign
104
Nodule near the bite if the reduviid bug in chagas disease
Chagoma
105
Chronic chagas disease manifests with
Myocarditis
Megacolon
Megaesophagus (achalasia)
106
Forms of T cruzi
4
Amastigot
Promastigote
Epimastigote
Trypomastigote
107
Forms of trypanosom brucei
2
Epimastigote
Trypomastigote
108
T brucei is a complex made up of 2 members namely:
T brucei gambiense
| T brucei rhidesiense
109
Vector of t brucei
Tsetse fly
110
Other name for tse tse fly
Glossina
111
Infective stage of t brucei
Metacyclic trypomastigotes (same as chagas)
112
Cyclical fever spike of african sleeping sickness happens every?
2 weeks
113
Which is a more fatal sleeping sickness?
Rhodesian is more fatal than gambian
114
Sleeping sickness geographical distribution
Think WGER!
Western gambian
East rhodesian
Western gate
Eastern road
115
Enlargement of the posterior cervical LN in african sleeping sickness
Winterbottom's sign
116
Hyperesthesia in african sleeping sickness
Kerandel's sign
117
Encephalitis in african sleeping sickness manifests as plasma cells with cytoplasmic Ig globules. These cells are called
Mott cells
118
Treatment for african sleeping sickness Accdg to disease and geography
Blood borne disease - Suramin
CNS penetration - Melarsoprol
West african
- early: pentamidine
Cns involvement: eflornithine
east african
-early suramin
Cns involvement: melarsoprol
119
Most common cause of red tide in the PH is
Pyrodinium bahamense var compressum
120
Transmission of red tide is through
Bivalve molluscs
121
Shellfish poisoning syndromes: name the toxin.
Paralytic
Saxitoxin
122
Shellfish poisoning syndromes: name the toxin.
Neurotoxic
Brevetoxin
123
Shellfish poisoning syndromes: name the toxin.
Diarrhetic
Okadaic acid
124
Shellfish poisoning syndromes: name the toxin.
Amnesic
Domoic acid
125
Treatment for red tide poisoning
Gastric lavage with activated charcoal
Fluids
Intubation if with resp failure
Neostigmine and edrophonium to improve muscle weakness
126
Free living amoeba
| Primary amebic menigoencephalitis acquired while swimming in contaminated pools
Naegleria fowleri
127
Only ciliated protozoan to cause human disease
Balantidium coli
128
Morphology of ulcers in balantidium coli infection
Round based wide neck intestinal ulcers
129
Babesiosis is transmitted by the bite of
Ixodes tick
130
Ring shaped trophozoites in tetrads
| Maltese cross pattern
Babesia microti
131
Leishmanaiasis is transmitted by
Sandlfly phlebotomus
132
Spectrum of leishmanaisis:
Cutaneous
Leishmania tropica
133
Spectrum of leishmanaisis:
Visceral/kala azar
Leishmania donovani
134
Spectrum of leishmanaisis:
Mucocutaneous
Leishmania brasiliensis
135
Doc in leishmaniasis
Sodium stibogluconate
| Antimony based compounds
136
Coccidial sporozoa that cause diarrhea in the immunocompromised
Cyclospora cayatenensis
| Isospora belli
137
Treatment for diphyllobothrium latum
Praziquantel
138
Treatment for echinococcus granulosus
Albendazole
139
Treatment for taenia
Praziquantel
140
Taenia that manifests more with intestinal obstruction and pruritus ani
Taenia saginata
141
Taenia that manifests with mild intestinal symptoms and seizures
Taenia solium
142
Infective stage of d latum
Plerocercoid larvae
143
What nutrient deficiency is seen in d latum
| Infection?
Vitamin B12 deficiency
144
Definitive host of echinoccoccus granulosus
Dog
