Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Kevin's infectious disease > Bacteriology lecture > Flashcards

Bacteriology lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary units of proteins and where can they be found?

A

Made up of amino acids

Found in Flagella, pili, cell walls, cytoplasmic membranes, ribosomes, cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the primary units of polysaccharides and where can they be found?

A

Made up of sugars (carbohydrates)

Found in Capsules, inclusions (storage), cell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the primary units of phospholipids and where can they be found?

A

Made up of fatty acids

Found in membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the primary units of nucleic acids and where can they be found?

A

Made up of nucleotides
Found in DNA: nucleoid (chromosome), plasmid
RNA: ribosomes; mRNA, tRNA;
cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the appendages of the bacterial cell?

A

Flagella

Pili (or fimbriae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the envelopes of the bacterial cell?

A

Capsule
Cell wall
Plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the cytoplasmic content of a bacterial cell?

A

Chromosomes (RNA/DNA)

Ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of the flagella and what is it’s predominant chemical composition?

A

It allows for a swimming movement and it is made up of proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of the sex pilus and what is it’s predominant chemical composition?

A

It mediates DNA transfer during conjugation and it is made up of proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of the common pili or fimbriae and what is it’s predominant chemical composition?

A

It helps with attachments to surfaces and protects against phagotrophic engulfment. NO ROLE IN MOVEMENT. It is made of protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of the capsule and what is it’s predominant chemical composition?

A

It helps with attachment to surfaces, protects against phagotrophic engulfment (occasionally killing or digestion), reserves nutrients, and protects against dessicration. It is made of polysaccharides but rarely polypeptide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of the cell wall and what is it’s predominant chemical composition?

A

It prevents osmotic lysis of cell protoplast and confer rigidity and shape of the cell. Peptidoglycan prevents osmotic lysis of cell and confers rigidity and shape. Outer membrane is a permeability barrier. Associated LPS and proteins have various functions. It is made of peptidoglycan complexed with teichoic acids or peptidoglycan surrounded by LPS and lipoproteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane and what is it’s predominant chemical composition?

A

Acts as a permeability barrier, transporter of solutes, energy generation, and is the location of numerous enzyme systems. It is made up of phospholipids and proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of the ribsome and what is it’s predominant chemical composition?

A

Sites of translation (synthesizes protein). Made up of RNA and protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of inclusions and what is it’s predominant chemical composition?

A

Often reserves of nutrients and additional specialized functions. It is made of carbohydrate, lipids, protein and inorganic material.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of the chromosome and what is it’s predominant chemical composition?

A

Contains the genetic material of the cell. It is made of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of the plasmid and what is it’s predominant chemical composition?

A

It is the extrachromosomal genetic material. It is made of DNA.

18
Q

Flagella details

A

• Composed of flagellin.
• Not in all bacteria. Many gram negative bacteria and some species enterococci and the
zoospores of Dermatophilus congolensis have them.
• Consist of hook(universal joint between filament and basal body), filament and basal body (anchored to cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane).

19
Q

Describe a monotrichous flagellum.

A

A single flagellum from one pole of the bacteria.

20
Q

Describe a lophotrichous flagellum.

A

Many flagella from one pole of the bacteria.

21
Q

Describe an amphitrichous flagellum

A

Flagella from BOTH poles of the bacteria.

22
Q

Describes a peritrichous flagellum

A

Many flagella around the bacteria.

23
Q

What is the Leifson’s Method of staining?

A

Utilizing dyes and other component that precipitate along the protein filament and hence increase its effective diameter.

24
Q

How does the motility test work?

A

A semi-soft medium that is inoculated with a
straight needle. If the bacteria is mobile, they will swim away from the inoculation line to find nutrients, leading to turbidity (cloudiness) of the tube. If they are immobile, they will stick to the inoculation line.

25
Q

Fimbriae (Pili)

A

• Short, hair-like structures on the surfaces of prokaryotic cells. Smaller than flagella
•Common in gram negative bacteria
• Involved in adherence of bacteria to surfaces, substrates
and other cells or tissues in nature.
• F or sex pilus: In E. Coli, a specialized pili that stabilizes
mating bacteria during the process of conjugation

26
Q

Cell membrane: Gram positive vs Gram negative

A
  • The Gram-positive cell wall is a uniformly thick layer external to the plasma membrane. It is composed mainly of peptidoglycan (murein).
  • The Gram-negative wall appears thin and multilayered. It consists of a relatively thin peptidoglycan sheet between the plasma membrane and a phospholipid-lipopolysaccharide outer membrane.
  • Gram negative bacteria tend to be more resistant against antibiotics due to the multiple layers.
27
Q

Capsule details

A
  • A sort of polysaccharides layer outside the cell wall
  • True capsule: discrete detectable layer of polysaccharides deposited outside the cell wall
  • Bacteria with well-defined capsular material produce mucoid colonies on agar media.
  • Can be seen by EM or by immunological methods using antisera specific for the capsular (K) antigens.
28
Q

What is biofilm (slime layer)?

A

A less discrete structure or matrix which embeds the cells

29
Q

Functions of the capsule

A
  • Adherence to surface, tissue or substrate in nature
  • Resistance to engulfment by phagocytic cells
  • Resistance to killing and digestion by phagocytic cells
  • Resistance to attack by antibodies and drugs
  • Protection against drying
  • Reserve of nutrients
30
Q

Cell wall details

A

• Almost all prokaryotes have a cell wall to prevent damage to the underlying protoplast either by mechanical damage or lysis.
• Composed of unique components found nowhere else in nature.
• One of the most important sites for attack by
antibiotics.
• Provides ligands for adherence and receptor sites for drugs or viruses.
• Components are responsible for symptoms of a
disease.
• Provides for immunological distinction and
immunological variation among strains of bacteria.
• Live in relatively dilute environments such that the
accumulation of solutes inside the cell cytoplasm greatly exceeds the total solute concentration in the outside environment.
• Murein (unique type of peptidoglycan) restrains the membrane to an outside wall.

31
Q

Components of the cell wall of archaea

A

May be composed of protein, polysaccharides, or peptidoglycan-like molecules, but never do they contain murein

32
Q

Describe the structure of a gram positive cell wall

A

The cell wall is thick (15-80 nm), consisting of several layers of peptidoglycan. Running perpendicular to
the peptidoglycan sheets are a group of molecules called teichoic acids (unique to gram positive cells)

33
Q

Describe the structure of a gram negative cell wall

A

The cell wall is relatively thin (10 nm) and is composed of a single layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by a membranous
structure called the outer membrane. The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria invariably contains a unique component, lipopolysaccharide (LPS [IMPORTANT]), which is toxic to animals.

34
Q

LPS (Lipopolysaccharide)

A
  • Sits on the outside of the cell
  • The lipo- part (Lipid A) is the toxic component, causing fever, inflammation, and shock in animals
  • The polysaccharide part determines the animal’s immune response system.
  • O-specific polysaccharide provide may provide for adherence or resistance to phagocytosis.
  • O polysaccharide/O antigen accounts for multiple antigenic types in gram negative pathogens
35
Q

Cytoplasmic membrane details

A
  • When compromised, the cell will most likely die
  • Active transport of nutrients and eliminates wastes from the cell
  • Also the site of electronic transport for bacterial respiration.
36
Q

Cytoplasm details

A
  • An aqueous fluid containing the nuclear material, ribosomes, nutrients, and the enzymes and other molecules involved in synthesis, cell maintenance and metabolism.
  • Storage granules may be present under certain environmental conditions, usually those unfavorable for bacterial growth.
37
Q

Chromosome details

A

One large circular piece of DNA that is folded up and compacted.

38
Q

Ribosome details

A
  • Synthesizes protein

* Bacterial ribosomes are different in ribosomal subunits in animals.

39
Q

Why are endospores important?

A
  • Resilient due to the exosporium layer.
  • Has the ability to withstand adverse environmental stresses
  • During its dormant stage, it hibernates to live in the environment. Once it enters a host, it will shed the extra layers and become active.
40
Q

What is Dipicolinic acid?

A

Occurs in the spore wall in combination with large amounts of calcium.

Kevin's infectious disease (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions