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Bacteriology Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

Listeriosis in Ruminants

A
  1. CNS infection
    - meningoencephalitis (adult) and meningitis (calves)
    - common in winter or early spring via silage
    - circling disease, facial paralysis, prolapse of tongue
  2. Abortion
    - placentitis
    - abortion in the late term
  3. Septicemia
    - visceral listeriosis
    - more common in young and monogastrics
    - lesions
  4. Mastitis
    - suppurative infection
    - listeria in milk
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2
Q

Actinomyces, Nocardia and Dermatophilus

A
  • gram positive
  • slow growing
  • non-spore forming
  • causes pyogranulomatous lesions
    1. Actinomyces are commensal organisms
    2. Nocardia are all soil-borne
    3. Dermatophilus are all obligate parasites
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3
Q

Brucella abortus in cows

A
  • source of infection is infected or carrier animals
  • milk and milk products
  • ingestion
  • venereal transmission
  • milk from infected cows for calves
  • occupational disease for vets and slaughter house workers
  • cause disease in humans via accidental exposure (needle stick)
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4
Q

Neorickettsia risticii

A
  • potomac fever in horses (PHF)
  • ingestion of insect stage of trematode
  • horse is the accidental and dead end host of bacterium
  • Fever, anorexia, depression, diarrhea, leucopenia, colic signs
  • snail intermediate host, insect intermediate host and bat is a definitive host
  • infects equine monocytes, macrophages and intestinal epithelium
  • US, Canada, SA, Europe, Australia
  • > May-September in US
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5
Q

Bordatella bronchiseptica

A
  1. Dogs - acute tracheobronchitis (kennel cough)
  2. Pigs - atrophic rhinitis (B. bronchiseptica and P. multocida)
  3. Cats - Tracheobrontitis, conjunctivitis and pneumonia
  4. Rabbits - snuffles
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6
Q

Erlichia chaffeensis

A
  • human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME)
  • dogs and other vertebrates (white tail deer, coyotes, goats)
  • monocytes and macrophages
  • fever, headache and muscle pain
  • thrombocytopenia, leucopenia and CNS involvement
  • treatment with doxycycline and rifampin
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7
Q

Diagnoses and Treatment of Rhodococcus equi

A
  • diagnose via bacterial culture (transtracheal aspirate)
  • antibiotics = Erythromycin for over 4 weeks
  • prophylactic treatment -> penicillin G to newborn foals
  • hyperimmune serum (from dam) to foal at 2-3 weeks of age (plasma therapy)
  • vaccine efficacy is unclear
  • > administered to pregnant mares
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8
Q

Neorickettsia helminthoeca

A
  • salmon poisoning disease
  • trematode, or parasitic worm/fluke
  • snail and fish intermediate host
  • > Ex: canids (dog/coyote) eat fish and get it
  • USA
  • affects monocytes, macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells
  • SPD >90% fatal if not treated
  • death in 6-10 days
  • not considered zoonotic
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9
Q

Diagnoses and Treatment of Mycoplasma

A
  1. Physical exam
  2. Mycoplasma culture - fried egg
    - tetracyline effective
    - vaccines:
    - bacterins live for poultry (M. gallisepticum)
    - admit only SPF animals in disease free herds/flocks
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10
Q

Anaplasmosis phagocytophilum

A
  • Granulocytic anaplasmoses of multiple species
  • wide host range
  • infects neutrophils
  • spreads by ticks (Ixodes)
  • reservoir is white footed mouse (US), small mammals and deer
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11
Q

Malassezia pachydermatis

A
  • causes otitis externa(ear infection) in dogs
  • chronic dermatitis(alopecia/ pruritis/erythema) and elephant-like skin
  • flea allergy/genetic factors can cause
  • Ketoconazole is best for treatment
  • bottle/peanut/footprint shaped on gram stain
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12
Q

Coccidides immitis

A
  • “valley fever” -> humans
  • soil/dustborne
  • DOGS
  • inhaling infective arthospores
  • no dog to man transmission
  • dyspnea, weight loss, lymphadenopathy, seizures
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13
Q

Candida albicans

A
  • also called Moniliasis/Thrush
  • commensal of the alimentary tract
  • pathogenesis: pseudomembranous ulcerative inflammation
    1. Enteritis in young animals on prolonged antibacterial therapy
    2. Mycotic stomatitis, genital candidiasis in dogs/cats
    3. Crop mycosis/Thrush in poultry
    4. Metritis/vaginitis in horses
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14
Q

Lumpy jaw

A
  • a classic mandibular lesion of suppurative and proliferative osteomyelitis in a cow caused by actinomyces bovis
  • > “honeycomb” effect caused by the bacteria dissolving the bone and the bone trying to repair itself
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15
Q

Bartonella henselae

A
  • infects cats
  • No signs
  • cat scratch disease/bartonellosis in humans
  • > transmit disease to human if scratch
  • cat fleas are the vectors
  • immunoflourescence test to test cat erythrocytes
  • 20% of US cats are carriers
  • test blood by culture
  • antibody detection unreliable
  • enrofloxacin/doxycycline may be used to clear infection
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16
Q

Mycoplasma gallisepticum

A
  • chronic respiratory disease (CRD) in chickens
  • > nasal discharge, tracheal rales, coughing
  • infectious sinusitis (IS) in turkeys
  • > swelling of paranasal sinuses, mild conjunctivitis, dec growth and egg production
  • Treat with tetracyclines, dip eggs in tylosin
  • vaccines are available with varying efficacy, partial protection
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17
Q

Why treat Wobachia bacterium?

A
  1. Doxycline treatment results in Wobachia death
    - hinders nematodes
    - easier to kill
    - helps prevent transmission to uninfected mosquitos
  2. Mosquito population control
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18
Q

Dermatophytes

A
  • causes dermatomycosis or “ringworm”

- > alopecia, lesions, crusts and erythema

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19
Q

Mycoplasma haemofelis

A
  • haemobartonella felis
  • feline infectious anemia
  • contagious disease especially in flea infested free-roaming cats under 3 years of age
  • especially in males and stray cats
  • pale gums
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20
Q

Brucellosis in humans

A
  • B. melitensis causes the most serious infection
  • also called Malta fever or Undulant fever
  • source of infection is unpasteurized milk or cheese from unpasteurized milk
  • occupational disease
  • chronic fatigue syndrome
  • antibiotics such as doxycycline plus streptomycin or rifampicin
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21
Q

Brucella melitensis

A
  • most common in goats
  • abortion
  • orchitis
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22
Q

Nocardia asteroids

A
  • gram positive
  • chronic progressive disease
  • > cutaneous pulmonary and disseminated forms
  • sporadic infections in cattle, dogs, cats, horses and humans
  • signs are Bovine mastitis
  • control by culling
  • no effective treatment
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23
Q

Diagnoses and Treatment of Heartwater disease

A
  1. Physical Exam
    - death usually occurs within 1 week
  2. Necropsy
    - edema and fluid around heart, lungs, brain
  3. History
  4. Serology - ELISA, PCR
    - can treat early stages with tetracycline
    - tick control
    - vaccines in endemic regions
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24
Q

Spirochetes

A
  • agents of lyme disease, leptospirosis, swine dysentery, relapsing fever and syphilis
  • extracellular organisms
  • axial filaments
    1. Spirochaetaceae
  • Borrelia = vector borne (tick and lice)
    2. Leptospiraceae
  • Leptospira = hooked end, pathogenic and free living
    A. Leptospira interrogans (pathogenic)
    B. Leptospira biflexa (non-pathogenic)
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25
Blastomyces dermatitidis
- DOG - soil borne - aerosol inhalation -> granulomatous lesions in lungs -> respiratory distress
26
Alflatoxicoses
- mainly in cattle and poultry - Aspergillus flavus and A. Parasiticus on soybean, corn - bloody diarrhea, decreased feed efficiency and rough coat
27
Dimorphic Fungi
- spores from mycelia may cause infection in the respiratory tract - yeast phase in animal - mycelial phase in environment 1. Blastomycosis 2. Histoplasmosis 3. Coccidiodomycosis
28
Moraxella Bovis
- affects cattle under 2 years old - infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) - > "pink eye" - highly contagious - economic loss - transmitted via eye surface through direct contact (flies) - corneal damage/ulceration - > severe damage can lead to panophthalmitis (inflammation of all eye parts) and permanent blindness
29
Diagnoses of Bordatella bronchiseptica
1. Predisposing factors - dogs in a kennel - turkeys/pigs housed in crowded conditions with poor ventilation - mixing of piglets at weaning - other bacteria presence 2. Physical Exam - upper respiratory sings - distorted snout in pigs - coryza - severe respiratory signs in kittens 3. Culture 4. Biochemical testing 5. PCR
30
Pithomyces chartarum
- facial eczema - > lesions of photosensitization in sheep - > udder moist dermatitis and hyperemia - > extensive skin slough - > extensive photodermatitis in calves chest wall - cattle, sheep and alpacas - Control by placing the animal in a shaded area
31
Anaplasma platys
- Canine anaplasmosis in platelets (Cyclic thrombocytopenia) - infects canine platelets - transmitted by ticks - co-infections with Ehrlichia canis - normally asymptomatic
32
Chlamydiosis Psittacosis
1. C. psitacci - disease in humans ("Parrot fever") 2. C. abortus - enzoonotic abortion of ewes - vaccine shown to reduce abortions 3. C. caviae - guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis - diagnose via culture in embryonated chicken eggs or cell culture - treat with tetracycline - vaccine for C. felis, but concern regarding efficacy - common cause of conjuncitivitis in cats
33
Mycoplasma hyosynoviae
- polyarthritis in pigs 10-30 weeks - culture ID - prevent by early weaning and tylosin in feed - no commercial vaccines
34
Treatment of Corynebacterium renale, pilosum and cystitidis
- antibiotics (penicillin) - Posthitis - > reduce protein in diet and antibacterial ointment/spray
35
Diagnoses and Treatment of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
- PCR confirmation in bacteriologic culture - treat with antibiotics (penicillin), but not very effective - vaccine available commercially
36
Mycoplasma haemocanis
- infectious anemia of splenectomized, or immunocompromised dogs - haemobartonella canis - tick transmission
37
Atrophic Rhinitis
- swine (B. bronchiseptica and P. multocida) - Lesions at 1-8 weeks - nonprogressive form: due to Bordatella bronchiseptica - progressive form: due to toxigenic Pasteurella multocida - lysis of turbinate bones and eventual loss, deviation of nasal septum - > growth rates in young pigs adversely affected - occasionally pneumonia - nose bleeds, sneezing and coughs
38
Ketoconazole
- also named Nizoral - broad spectrum - > used for a variety of fungal infections
39
Rhodococcus equi
- mucoid pale pink (salmon pink) colonies on blood agar - pneumonia (abscess in lungs) and mesenteric Lymphadenitis arthritis in foals (btw 4-12 weeks of age) - > mortality is very high - soil borne infection and present in feces - > get via inhalation of dust - found in intestines of horses - pathogenic to animals - gram positive - non-spore forming - coccoid, OR short/pleomorphic rods
40
Diagnoses of Histoplasma capsulatum
1. Histopath 2. Buffy coat smear 3. Serology
41
Mycoplasma synoviae
- infectious synovitis in poultry - arthritis - tetracycline in feed - develop SPF in flocks
42
Actinomyces suis
- inhabits the prepuce and vagina - urinary tract infections - > cystitis (bladder) and pyelonephritis (kidney) - typical in older SWINE - anorexia, pus/blood in urine with foul odor, high mortality
43
Erythritol
- growth factor for Brucella | - present in placenta and testicle
44
Griseofulvin
- Narrow spectrum | - given orally for ring worm infection only
45
How to diagnose Aspergillosis?
1. 10% KOH wet mounts of deep scrapings 2. Culture on Sabouraud agar - can declare no growth only after 14 days post culture 3. Wet mount using lactophenol cotton blue - for typical conidial spore heads
46
Treatment for Canine Nocardiosis
- Trimethoprim-sulfa, or tetracyclines | - penicillin is NOT effective
47
Diagnoses and Treatment of Rickettsia rickettsii
1. History 2. Physical exam findings - fever, rash, petechiae LAB tests 3. Serology (IFA, IHC) 4. *PCR- biopsy (highly confirmatory) - requires a BSL-3 facility - treat with doxycycline within first 5 days - tick prevention* is key - no vaccines
48
Diagnoses of Blastomyces dermatitidis
1. Wet mount | 2. Culture at 25'C will show mycelial form
49
Diagnoses of Moxarella Bovis
1. History - younger animals under 2 are more effected 2. Physical exam - rupture of cornea, conjunctivitis 3. IBKC - photophobia, epiphora, keratitis and conjunctivitis 4. PCR 5. Fluorescein dye to detect corneal ulcers
50
Mycoplasma cynos
- associated with kennel cough
51
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
- swine - enzootic pneumonia - poor ventilation and overcrowding precipitate - FA on sample culture - treatment Tylosin - vaccines have poor protection - prevent by development of SPF herds
52
Amphotericin B
- last choice to treat fungal infections bc toxic | - SYSTEMIC infections only
53
Family Rickettsiaceae
- infections in dogs and humans - rodents are reservoirs for infections - transmitted by ticks, lice and fleas
54
Liver Abscesses in Cattle
- caused by T. pyogenes - second most common etiological agent - source is the ruminal wall
55
What are fungi resistant to?
- antibiotics such as penicillin
56
Diagnosis and treatment of Listeriosis
1. history such as silage feeding 2. neurological clinical signs 3. perivascular cuffing lesions 4. cultural examination - cattle and sheep are not treated - humans with penicillin and gentamicin - control by not feeding spoiled silage - vaccine only used in Europe and Australia
57
Relapsing Fever Borreliosis
1. Tick-borne relapsing fever - B. hermsii, B. turicatae, and B. parkeri - soft tick, or Ornithodoros 2. Louse-born relapsing fever - epidemic in crowding places
58
How to control aspergillosis?
1. Litter change in poultry | 2. Avoid bad hay or silage in cattle
59
Canine Tracheobronchitis
- kennel cough caused by Bordatella bronchiseptica - inflammation of the trachea and bronchi - secondary to viral infections
60
Diagnoses and Treatment of Neorickettsia helminthoeca
1. History 2. Trematode eggs in feces* 3. Serology - PCR - treat with tetracyclines (doxycycline) for bacteria - treat with Fenbendazole for trematodes - no vaccine - no raw/undercooked/smoked fish should be fed to dogs - > ex: trout
61
Diagnoses and Treatment of spirochetes
1. clinical symptoms with patient history 2. Microscopy 3. antibody tests 4. PCR - tetracyclines are most common - penicillin for syphilis - erythromycin
62
Diagnoses and Treatment for Neorickettsia risticii
1. Clinical Signs 2. History/Location 3. Response to tetracycline - if responds immediately = PHF, but if does not it is Salmonella 4. IFA and PCR - treat with tetracycline - vaccinations are available, but can still get it - insect control bc they are intermediary
63
Zygomycosis
- Mycotic abortions - inhalation/ingestion - Treat with Amphotericin B - > prognosis is poor
64
Ehrlichia canis
- canine monocytrotropic ehrlichiosis (CME)/Canine hemorrhagic fever - target host is dogs - target host cells are monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes - Reservoir host is multiple - worldwide - clinical sign is hemmorage - Acute, subclinical and chronic
65
Neorickettsia
- transmitted by trematodes - > parasitic worms (flukes) - gram negative - host diseases 1. N. helminthoeca - salmon-poisoning disease 2. N. risticii - Potomac Horse Fever
66
Diagnoses and Treatment of CME
1. History 2. Bleeding from nose (epistaxis) 3. Thrombocytopenia (low platelet and bleeding) 4. Serology - SNAP 4Dx plus - > could have Ehrlichia spp cross reaction 5. PCR = whole blood - treat with tetracyclines (doxycycline) - tick control*
67
Brucella
- zoonotic pathogen - "brucellosis" - infections of the reproductive organs - cause abortions - any brucella species can infect any animal species - all except ovis and neotomae infect humans - B. abortus, B. suis, and B. melitensis are called Classical Brucella - listed as potential bio-weapons because highly infectious - B. abortus and B. melitensis are highly virulent - transmission is oral or venereal
68
Actinomyces bovis
- commensal of oral cavity in CATTLE - trauma of oral mucosa - > localized osteomyelitis ("lumpy jaw")
69
Trueperella pyogenes
- pus forming - found in muscles of respiratory, GI and genital tracts - most common opportunist pathogen! 1. Abscesses in all animals - mostly cattle, sheep, goats and swine 2 Summer mastitis in cows/heifers 3. Liver abscesses in cattle 4. Septic arthritis in swine
70
Mycoplasma meleagridis
- turkey pathogen - egg transmitted - reduce hatachability - lameness - culture, confirm by FA - serology - plate agglutination test - Tiamulin in water for the first 10 days of life - NO vaccines
71
Enilconazole
- solution/spray against ringworm fungi and spores
72
Listeria monocytogenes
- Listeriosis - more pathogenic - CNS infection - animal and humans - grow 3-45 Celsius degrees (refrigerator temperature) - hardy and persistent - silage with pH more than 5 is the most common source in dairy cattle - circling disease, abortion, stillbirth, meningitis
73
Diagnose and Treatment for brucellosis in dogs
1. Cultural or PCR exam 2. Necropsy on lymph nodes and spleen 3. serology - agglutination test - treat with tetracyclines or gentaminicin (long term) - > not recommended for breeding dogs - NO vaccine available
74
Diagnoses of Coccidides immitis
1. Serology 2. DTH to coccidoidin 3. Skin test 4. Histopath
75
Rickettsia rickettsii clinical signs in Dogs
- loss of appetite, fever, depression and edema - petechiae on oral mucosa - testicular inflammation
76
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP)
- caused by Mycoplasma mycoides - respiratory distress and lung congested - exotic to north america - diagnose with Latex agglutination tests - vaccines (live) in endemic areas not in the US or canada
77
Nocardia in Dogs and Cats
- causes lesions - severe halitosis (bad breath), gingivitis and ulceration of oral cavity in dogs - 3 forms in dogs (canine nocardiosis) 1. Cutaneous form - indolent ulcer that is slow to heal - granulomatous swelling with discharging fistulous tracts 2. Respiratory form 3. Disseminated form
78
Summer Mastitis
- caused by T. pyogenes in cows/heifers - common during fly season - > fly bites provide a portal of entry - thick purulent secretions - entry through teat canal
79
Arcanobacterium
- gram positive pleomorphic rods - non-spore forming and non-motile 1. T. pyogenes
80
Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP)
- exotic in the US and canada - goats of all ages - incubation about 10 days - extended neck - hepatized lung, pleural fluid and fibrin granular lung ("granular liver-like") - no thickening of interlobular tissue unlike CBPP
81
Avian Borreliosis
- foul spirochetosis - B anserina transmitted by a foul tick - severe hemolytic disease
82
Bordatella Species
- gram negative - commensal in the upper respiratory tract - cultured on blood and MacConkey agars - virulence due to hemagglutination, presence of attachment pili and production of toxins - carrier from carriers to naive, young animals 1. B. bronchiseptica 2. B. avium
83
Histoplasma capsulatum
- soil with bat/bird excreta - DOGS - infect via inhalation -> granulomatous lesions in lungs and intestine issues - disseminated form has a poor prognosis
84
What are the main dermatophytes?
1. Microsporum species - M. canis -> cats/dogs (spindle shaped) - M. gypseum -> rodents/dogs/horses (boat shaped) - M. nanum -> pigs 2. Trichophyton species - T. mentagrophytes -> dogs/horses/cats (cigar shaped) - T. verrucosum -> cattle (vaccine against it exists) - T. equinum -> horses
85
Septic arthritis in Swine
- caused by T. pyogenes - appears after farrowing - source of infection is probably the uterus
86
Prevention/Control of Bordatella bronchiseptica
- prevent by improving farm/kennel management/biosecurity - Vaccines 1. Dogs - live intranasal and IM vaccines 2. Cats - live intranasal vaccine 3. Pigs - a toxin derived vaccine 4. Turkeys - antibiotics are not very effective - tetracycline can be used - effective vaccines are available for turkeys older than 3 weeks
87
Corynebacterium renale and C. cystitidis
- Disease in CATTLE - > Pyelonephritis - C. pilosum is much less pathogenic and rarely causes pyelonephritis
88
Rickettsia rickettsii
- Rocky mountain spotted fever: USA - Brazilian spotted fever: South America - tick-transmitted - infects dogs and humans - target cell is vascular endothelial cells (vasculitis)
89
Ochratoxicosis
- less frequent in poultry than aflatoxicosis, BUT is more lethal based on its acute toxicity - mainly in pigs, poultry and horses affected - kidney and liver damage, abortion
90
Sporotrichosis
- soil borne dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii - infection via skin wounds - horses and mules
91
Corynebacterium Pathogens
1. C. renale - urinary tract infection in cattle (mostly female) - C. pilosum = less pathogenic - C. cystitidis - > infection of the bladder, ureters, kidney and pelvis 2. C. pseudotuberculosis ** - caseous lymphadenitis in sheep/goats - ulcerative Lymphangitis in horses/cattle - > external/internal abscesses 3. C. ulcerans - mastitis in cattle 4. C. kutscheri - abscesses in mice/rats
92
Symptoms/Diagnoses and treatment for Brucellosis
- contagious abortion (Bang's disease) - Bulls can get orchitis and epididymitis - placentitis lesion - TREATMENT IS NOT PERMITTED - > except in dogs and humans - multiple abortions in cattle herd would make you suspect Brucellosis - cultural examination - PCR for confirmation - Serology: - vaccinated animals IgM - unvaccinated animals IgG
93
Actinomyces
- infections are characterized by suppurative granulomas - "cheese granules in pus" - > Yellowish granule containing micro-colonies of bacteria 1. Actinomyces bovis 2. Actinomyces suis
94
Fungi characteristics
- aerobic - growth on sabouraud agar - 1-4 weeks at 25'C - resistant to antibacterial drugs - chitin in the cell wall - site of action of some antifungal drugs (as well as ergosterol)
95
Listeriosis in Monogastrics
- horses in septicemic form | - chickens get encephalitis
96
Diagnoses of Rickettsiales
1. Vector identification/association 2. Clinical signs 3. Host cell preference/morphology 4. Serology 5. Molecular Techniques
97
Corynebacterium
- gram positive - non-spore forming rod (pleomorphic) - club shaped ("chinese letters") - cause pyogenic infections
98
Mycoplasma agalactiae
- mycoplasma of sheep and goat - severe mastitis and reduced milk - complete fibrosis and arthritis - tetracycline treatment
99
Diagnoses of Actinomyces suis
1. Clinical signs 2. Urine pH is over 7 3. Bacterial isolation - anaerobic and slow growth
100
Treatment of Moxarella Bovis
- test antimicrobial susceptibility before treatment due to resistance concerns - Inject long acting oxytetracyclin - topical or subconjunctival antibiotics - eye patches to reduce infection spread - improve farm management - insect control - fly repellant tags - vaccines -> IBK bacterins (MAXI/GUARD Pinkeye bacterin) - Vaccination of pregnant cows with pilus vaccine - colostral antibodies protect calves - vaccination with modified live IBR may exacerbate IBKC if timed inappropriately - > damage to eye and increased nasal and ocular secretions can be increased due to modified live IBR viral infection leading to M. bovis infection
101
Rickettsiales
- intracellular - gram negative - cause fatal/chronic infections in animals and humans - infect immune cells, or hemopoitic cells - antibodies cross react among species - sensitive to antibiotics - transmitted via ticks, fleas or flukes 1. Rickettsieae - rickettsii 2. Anaplasmataceae - Ehrilichia - > E. canis - > E. ewingii - > E. Ruminantium - > E. chaffensis
102
Lawsonia intracellularis
- highly pathogenic 1. Acute hemorrhagic form - porcine hemorrhagic enteropathu 2. Chronic proliferative form - porcine intestinal adenomatosis (PIA) - ileum proliferation and blood on mucosa 3. Equine proliferatie enteropathy (EPE) - colic
103
Intracellular Pathogens
- grow and reproduce only inside the host cell - gram negative organisms - can not grow in artificial media (agar plates/broths)
104
Listeria ivanovii
- less pathogenic - no CNS infection - only cattle - hemolytic - causes abortion in sheep - rarely causes human infection
105
Cryptococcus yeast
- not a commensal organism of the body, except in pigeons
106
Diagnoses and Treatment of Lyme Disease
1. History of tick exposure, signs, response to antibiotics 2. Serology 3. Examination of body fluids - Giemsa stain, FA and dark field 4. Idexx SNAP 4Dx ELISA 5. PCR - treat with doxycycline and erythromycin - ospA vaccine = new
107
Diagnoses and Treatment of canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis (CGE)
1. PCR 2. Serology (SNAP 4Dx - treatment is doxycycline - tick control* - no vaccine
108
Brucella abortus in horses
- abortion is rare - poll evil - fistulous withers (supraspinatous bursitis), or saddle sore
109
Mycoplasma diseases
1. Arthritis 2. Synovitis 3. Bone deformities 4. Reduced hatching and growth 5. Anemia - CATS
110
Leptospira interrogans
- pathogenic -> transmit via direct contact - no growth at 13'C - aerobic - worldwide distribution and wide animal range - contaminated urine splashing in eyes (cattle and swine) - impaired kidney and liver function - abortion and death - abortion and infertility - milk drop syndrome - Periodic opthalmia (moon blindness) in horses - jaundice, nephritis, fibrotic kidney and vomiting in dogs 1. L. hardjo - cattle and swine 2. L. icterohaemorrhagiae - dogs/humans
111
Corynebacterium pilosum and C. cystitidis
- Disease in SHEEP/GOATS - causes preputial ulcerative dermatitis - > "Posthitis" - high protein diet is a predisposing factor - high urea excretion leads to increased ammonia
112
Molds, or filamentous fungi
- fungi producing mycelia
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Posthitis
- caused by C. pilosum and C. cystitidis in sheep/goats - pizzle rot/sheath rot - ammonia causes irritation leading to inflammation and ulceration of the preputial skin
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Nystatin
- Narrow spectrum | - ONLY for Candida and Malassezia infections only (YEASTS)
115
Chlamydiales
- chamydophilia/chlamydia - inactive infectious form = elementary body - metabolically active reproductive form = reticulate body - cant generate ATP - transmission is inhalation or interpersonal contact - grow in yolk sac of chicken embryos or vertebrate cell cultures
116
Chronic CME clinical signs
- severe thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) | - anemia
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How to diagnose dermatophytes
1. Wood's Lamp - ultraviolet 2. Wet Mount (KOH) test 3. Culture on Sabouraud medium (confirmatory)
118
Diagnoses and Treatment of Trueperella pyogenes
1. Gram stain of pus 2. Bacterial culture 3. Blood agar - narrow zone of hemolysis - antibiotics, but response is poor - no vaccine
119
Diagnoses and treatment of Leptospira interrogans
1. abortion 2. Milk drop - penicillin in bloodstreams - tetracyclines in kidney - vaccination and disinfection
120
Coxiella burnetii
- Q fever - cattle, sheep and goat reservoirs - zoonotic in people - organisms are excreted in milk, urine and feces of infected animals - abortions - treat with tetracycline - vaccines - outbreak results from occupational exposure - > resistant spores - > bioterrorism agent
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Cryptococcus neoformans
- pigeon droppings* - CATS - airborne and forms capsules - remains in yeast form in env(25'C) and host (37'C) - Symptoms: sneezing, snuffling, nasal discharge - produce phospholipases that disrupts host cell membranes and cause granulomas - minimum of two months of treatments for cats - > over 6 months may be needed
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Lyme borreliosis
- lyme disease - caused by Borrelia burgdorferi - transmitted by Ixodes species of ticks - bulls eye rash (Erythema Migrans - EM) - arthritis - neurologic manifestations - dogs may show shifting lameness! - cats may show eye damage! - in cattle it is clinically silent - in horses neurological signs such as head tilt and aimless wandering
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Diagnoses of Candida species
1. KOH wet mount - budding yeasts 2. Gram stain - budding yeasts 2. Culture on SA
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Brucella ovis
- least pathogenic | - abortion and infertility in ewes
125
Mycotoxicoses
- mold growing in feed/food - non-contagious - acute/chronic poisoning, immunosuppression, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity 1. Alflatoxicoses 2. Ochratoxicosis 3. Ergotism 4. Pithomyces chartarum
126
Diagnosis and treatment of Actinomyces bovis
- culture and biochemical tests - early treatment is more likely to yield results - Iodine for treatment - Isoniazid (anti-TB drug) for 30 days - avoid feeds with coarse and sharp ingredients
127
Diagnoses and Treatment of Coxiella burnetii
1. Stained Impression smears 2. Serology 3. Perology 4. Culture - quarantine affected animals - treat humans with tetracycline - antimicrobial treatment poor in animals - NOTIFIABLE Disease in USA - vaccines, but not available for commercial use in the US
128
Aspergillosus fumigatas
1. Brooder pneumonia in chicks 2. Mycotic abortion in cattle 3. Glutteral pouch mycosis, keratomycosis (keratitis) in horses 4. Nasal aspergillosis in dogs - destruction of turbinate bones, epistaxis (bleeding from nose)
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Listeria
- non-contagious disease - primarily in sheep and cattle - food-borne infection causing high mortality - septicimia, abortion, CNS infection and mastitis 1. L. monocytogenes 2. L. ivanovii
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Ehrlichia ewingii
- canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis (CGE) - target is dogs and humans - target host cells are neutrophils - reservoir host is white-tailed deer - USA - via lone star tick - clinical signs from mild fever, arthritis to muscular stiffness
131
Diagnoses and Treatment of Lawsonia intracellularis
- chick embryos - antibiotics - > Tylosin in feed is used prophylactically - vaccine reduces severity
132
Ergotism
- Cattle, sheep, horses, pigs, poultry - neurotoxicity - > convulsions and gangrene of extremities
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Diagnoses and Treatment of Anaplasma marginale
1. History 2. Direct observation - blood smear and post mortem smears 3. Serology - ELISA 4. PCR - treat via tetracyclines and imidocarb - > repeated injections needed for carriers - tick control - vaccination
134
Mycoplasma felis
- conjunctivitis in young cats - respiratory diseases - arthritis
135
How to test for Aspergillus (typical sporing heads)?
- scotch tape mounts of lactophenol cotton blue
136
Anaplasma platys Diagnoses and Treatment
- PCR is the best tool - treat with tetracycline (doxycycline) - tick prevention - no vaccine
137
Mycoplasma hyorhinis
- swine - chronic polyserositis, arthritis in young pigs - treat with tylosin
138
Chlamydiosis psitacci
- "parrot fever" - important systemic illness in companion bird and poultry - large economic losses in poultry industry - conjunctivitis - pericarditis and air sacculitis - fatal pneumonia in humans
139
Bordatella avium
- involved in turkey coryza (swelling of nasal mucosa) in turkeys, quail and chickens - Co-infection with other bacterial pathogens - occluded nares (causes open mouth breathing) - ciliated cells can be destroyed by toxins - morbidity is high in young turkeys - ocular and nasal discharge - conjunctivitis
140
Acute CME clinical signs
- bleeding and pale mucus membrane | - treat with doxycycline
141
Anaplasma marginale
- bovine anaplasmosis of erythrocytes (gall sickness) - most prevalent tick borne ruminant disease - can be due to iatrogenic infection - > needles (vaccination, dehorning saws, castrating knives, etc) - jaundice and brown urine (not hemoglobinuria) - post mortem lesion is splenomegaly - calves are more resistant to the disease than older cattle - > older more susceptible! - up to 50% fatality - cattle that recover are carriers
142
Ehrlichia Ruminantium
- heartwater disease/ Ehrlichia (Cowdria) ruminantium - target is ruminants - target host cells are vascular endothelial cells, neutrophils - reservoir host is wild and domestic ruminants - not known to occur in the USA - > Africa and Guadeloupe (Carribean) - 90% mortality in livestock - Amblyomma ticks potential vector to spread to US - Clinical signs = edema of heart and lungs (hydropericardium and hydrothorax) - > post-mortem is straw colored fluid around heart
143
How to test for dermatophytes in hair/skin?
- wet mount 10% KOH
144
Ulcerative Lymphangitis
- caused by C. pseudotuberculosis in Horses/Cattle - inflammation of lymphatic vessels - formation of abscesses on legs (green pus) - resemble farcy - external (pectoral region) and internal (liver)
145
Mycoplasma
- lack cell wall - gram stain not good - resistant to antibiotics - grow on enriched media with colonies looking like fried eggs (centre digs into soft agar medium) - primarily effect respiratory system, joints, mammary glands, urogenital systems - very small - endogenous, exogenous, aerosol inhalation, venereal
146
Feline broncho-pneumonia
- caused by Bordatella bronchiseptica - disease in cats - cyanosis, death in younger cats - intranasal live vaccine disease
147
Listeriosis in Humans
- zoonotic - food-borne pathogen - mostly in food processing and food preparing facilities - items refrigerated for a longer time and unpasteurized soft cheese common sources for infection
148
Treatment of Bordatella bronchiseptica
1. Dogs - required if cough persists or bronchopneumonia present - TMS, tetracycline or enrofloxacin 2. Pigs - antibiotics (amoxycillin for piglets) - medicated feed for piglets - depopulating 3. Turkeys - antimicrobial treatment is not effective, though could be employed for secondary and/or coinfections
149
Brucellosis suis
- low incidence in the US - nursing pigs from infected sows - abortion, sterility and still births - NO vaccination
150
Caseous Lymphadentitis
- caused by C. pseudotuberculosis in Sheep/Goats - chronic and contagious - pale green abscesses in the early stages, cream as abscess hardens and becomes "cheesy/caseous/onion-like" - major concern for small ruminant production - "thin ewe syndrome"
151
Diagnoses of Mycotoxicoses
1. Demonstration of toxin 2. Decreased feed consumption or feed refusal may indicate problem 3. Antimicrobial/antifungal medication is of no use
152
Vaccines for Brucellosis
1. Strain 19 B. abortus - females, not males 2. RB51 strain (1996) - mutant strain for adults
153
Diagnoses of Anaplasmosis phagocytophilum
1. History 2. IFA 3. PCR 4. ELISA 5. Canine anaplasmosis test -> IDEXX SNAP 4Dx Plus - cross reaction can occur - Tetracyclines - Rifampin during pregnancy - tick repellent - no vaccine
154
Brucella canis
- highly contagious - oral and venereal - in bitches abortion and infertility - in males epididymitis and prostatitis, testicular atrophy and sterility - in dogs serious problem in breeding kennels - treatment not recommended!
155
Wolbachia
- gram negative - very high strain variation - infects arthropods and filarial nematodes (symbiotic) - HEARTWORM DISEASE - treatment results in release of Wolbachia proteins causing severe host immune response damage - > more severe in cats - use doxycycline to treat to kill Wolbachia
156
Chlamydiosis abortus
- sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis (BSE) - > Buss Disease - encephalitis, fibrinous pleuritis and peritonitis - abortion and infertility - economic losses - 3years or younger - walk or stagger in circles - transmitted through milk
157
Diagnoses of CCPP
1. Submit pleural fluid - frozen sample is best 2. Rapid diagnosis and slaughter of effected 3. vaccines and antibiotics used

Bacteriology/Mycology (10 decks)

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