Balliol and Edward - Direct Andswers & Key Issue. Flashcards
First demand for homage
1292 - John summoned to Edwards Parliament in Newcastle: pays homage for his kingdom & pledges to ‘aid & support Edward against all others’.
Important because before Balliol was even crowned, Edward had established the subservience of the Scottish king to the English king and this is immediately consolidated with the homage at Newcastle
The coronation and early interferance
1292 - King John forced to accept Englishman as his ‘Treasurer’. Edward also ordered the wording of the Royal Seal of Scotland to be changed & declared promises to Scots before King John’s crowning were void.
Important because this was the first of a series of deliberate acts demonstrating, from the very start, that Edward had no intention of allowing Scotland or King John to rule free from English influence. Even at this early stage Balliol appears a puppet king…
annulment of the treaty of birgham
1293- King John pressured into annulling the Treaty of Birgham in presence of Edward I who argued it was a marriage treaty and no marriage had taken place.
Important because now removed any lingering doubt that Edward was bound to honour the guarantees of the independence of Scotland that were contained in the Treaty of Birgham.
humiliation at westminster
May 1293 he summoned Balliol to appear at his council in Westminster to explain his original decision in the Macduff case.
Important because it utterly undermines any authority John had, - a Scottish king repeatedly summoned to England to be humiliated in front of the English court.
meddling in legal affairs
Edward insisted that he would hear any complaints from John’s court - 9 appeals made to Edward from judgements made in Scottish courts.
Important because concrete examples of an English King imposing his judgements, and effectively English law, on Scottish matters - essentially extending English jurisdiction into Scotland.
anglo french wars
Edward preparing for war v King Philip IV of France - demands military service from John.
Important because it signified how far Edward believed his authority as overlord extended
alliance with france
1295 the Council of 12 was established who elected 12 new Guardians to represent Scotland against Edward and his overlordship.
Important because the Scots acting in open defiance of Edward who viewed this as the act of a disobedient vassal.
the sacking of berwick
Edward invades, laying siege to Berwick, Scotland’s largest, most prosperous port.
Important because it signified the complete breakdown in the relationship between John and Edward into war and was the beginning of English occupation and subjugation of Scotland.
the battle of dunbar 1296
1296, Scottish commanders mistook repositioning of English troops as a retreat and charged out of formation and were defeated by disciplined English.
Important because redible Scottish resistance to Edward. Scottish nobles and Guardians were captured. Scotland lacked political and military leadership.
Toom Tabard
He eventually retreated to the relative safety of the Comyn lands of the north east, but there he failed to rally the surviving nobles.
Important because was the symbolic gesture of removing his royal attire that signified the utter dominance of Edward over John.
Edward’s revenge
Scottish nobles swore an oath of allegiance to Edward by signing the Ragman Roll. Edward appointed English lords to rule Scotland.
Important because it was the final act of vengeance at the end of Edward’s tumultuous relationship with John and signified the absolute subjugation by Edward over the Scottish nation.
