Basal Deuterostomes

Question 1

traits common to all Deuterostomes

Answer 1

blastopore becomes anus, have a true coelom

Question 2

4 key Deuterostome Phyla

Answer 2

Chaetognatha, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, and Chordata

Question 3

Phylum known as arrow worms

Answer 3

Phylum Chaetognatha

Question 4

characters of Phylum Chaetognatha

Answer 4

small pelagic predators, don’t exactly know where they fit in the tree of life

Question 5

method of feeding for Chaetognaths

Answer 5

spines around the mouth grab onto prey

Question 6

Phylum of Deuterostoma containing Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia

Answer 6

Phylum Hemichordata

Question 7

general characters of Phylum Hemichordata

Answer 7

aquatic, separate sexes, external fertilization, tornia larva

Question 8

similarities between Phylum Hemichordata and Phylum Chordata

Answer 8

gill slits in the pharynx, some have a hollow neural tube

Question 9

tornia larva

Answer 9

characteristic of Hemichordates, swim with a ring of cilia on base and track of cilia along the body

Question 10

two key classes of Phylum Hemichordata

Answer 10

Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia

Question 11

class of Phylum Hemichordata known as acorn worms

Answer 11

Class Enteropneusta

Question 12

characters of class Enteropneusta

Answer 12

solitary animals living in u-shaped burrows with large casts of feces on one end

Question 13

method of feeding for class Enteropneusta

Answer 13

proboscis acts to open/close mouth and cilia on proboscis move food particles into mouth when open

Question 14

tagmata of class Enteropneusta

Answer 14

proboscis, collar, and trunk

Question 15

class of Pylum Hemichordata known as pterobranchs

Answer 15

class Pterobranchia

Question 16

characters of class Pterobranchia

Answer 16

live colonially in self-secreted tubes

Question 17

method of feeding for class Pterobranchia

Answer 17

ciliated tentacles collect food from water column

Question 18

tagmata of class Pterobranchia

Answer 18

proboscis, collar, and trunk

Question 19

Phylum of Deuterostoma containing sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers

Answer 19

Phylum Echinodermata

Question 20

general characters of Phylum Echinodermata

Answer 20

entirely marine, adults are commonly pentaradial (with bilateral larva), generally rough and spiny

Question 21

tiny pinchers around Echinoderm spines used for parasite removal

Answer 21

pedicellariae

Question 22

valve on aboral side of Echinoderms used for regulating water movement

Answer 22

madreporite

Question 23

structure of Echinoderms

Answer 23

five ambulacral areas on the oral side each containing tube feet

Question 24

two coelomic cavities present in Echinoderms

Answer 24

somatocoel and water-vascular system

Question 25

somatocoel

Answer 25

coelomic cavity in Echinoderms housing organs

Question 26

water-vascular system

Answer 26

hydraulic system of tubes and tube feet present in Echinoderms used for feeding, respiration, and locomotion

Question 27

process of water-vascular system

Answer 27

water enters via the madreporite and goes through the stone canal to the ring canal, then out to radial canals and the ampullae/tube feet

Question 28

nervous system of Echinoderms

Answer 28

nerve ring, sometimes have tentacles or eyespots

Question 29

circulatory system of Echinoderms

Answer 29

none

Question 30

structure of Echinoderm exoskeleton

Answer 30

ossicles fused together in various ways create the exoskeleton

Question 31

reproduction of Echinoderms

Answer 31

distinct sexes are generally not dimorphic, external fertilization

Question 32

key classes of Echinodermata

Answer 32

Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, and Holothuroidea

Question 33

class of Echinodermata known as sea stars

Answer 33

class Asteroidea

Question 34

characters of Asteroidea

Answer 34

found from intertidal zone to abyss, typically have all general characters of Echinoderms (5 arms, madreporite, tube feet), can regenerate limbs

Question 35

two stomachs found in Asteroideans

Answer 35

pyloric stomach and cardiac stomach

Question 36

purpose of cardiac stomach in Asteroideans

Answer 36

everted during feeding, begins digestion outside of the body

Question 37

purpose of pyloric stomach in Asteroideans

Answer 37

connects consumed food to pyloric cecae in arms where digestion can be completed

Question 38

purpose of pyloric cecae in Asteroideans

Answer 38

one in each arm, act as intestines

Question 39

class of Echinodermata known as brittle stars and basket stars

Answer 39

class Ophiuroidea

Question 40

characters of brittle stars

Answer 40

FUCKING HORRIBLE, madreporite on oral side, ambulacral grooves covered over with hard plates, tube feet have no suckers, no anus or intestines, no organs in the arms, mouth made from five jointed plates

Question 41

characters of basket stars

Answer 41

also just terrible, "fans" are branches of the five legs, live in the tropics

Question 42

class of Echinodermata known as sea urchins and sand dollars

Answer 42

class Echinoidea

Question 43

characters of class Echinoidea

Answer 43

ossicles fused to form a test, ambulacral grooves extend all the way to aboral pore (oral side covers whole body), huge reproductive organs

Question 44

locomotion in Echinoideans

Answer 44

sae urchins use both tube feet and spines to move, sand dollars use only spines

Question 45

feeding methods for Echinoideans

Answer 45

mouthpart called Aristotle's Lantern scrapes ocean floor (some Echinoideans can also filter feed)

Question 46

class of Echinodermata known as sea cucumbers

Answer 46

class Holothuroidea

Question 47

characters of class Holothuroidea

Answer 47

elongated body, reduced ossicles, no spines of pedicellariae, five rows of tube feet

Question 48

locomotion in class Holothuroidea

Answer 48

can move with tube feet or via muscular contractions

Question 49

location of madreporite in Holothuroideans

Answer 49

inside the pharynx

Question 50

respiration and excretion in Holothuroideans

Answer 50

cloaca pumps water in and out of the respiratory tree to allow gas exchange between the body cavity and the water column