Reptiles

Question 1

three key extant reptile orders

Answer 1

Testudines, Squamata, and Crocodilia

Question 2

shared characters of reptiles

Answer 2

poikilothermic, keratinized skin (not homologous to fish scales, derived from epidermis), skin sheds (except in Crocodilians)

Question 3

reproduction in reptiles

Answer 3

internal fertilization, lay external amniotic eggs, limited parental care (except in Crocodilians)

Question 4

order of Reptilia containing turtles

Answer 4

order Testudines

Question 5

general characters of Testudines

Answer 5

living fossils, have thick shell that grows with the body, super low metabolic activity

Question 6

type of skulls seen in Testudines

Answer 6

anapsid skulls

Question 7

structure of Testudines shell

Answer 7

top is carapace, bottom is plastron, made from vertebra and shell fused together

Question 8

respiration in Testudines

Answer 8

shell prevents expansion of ribs for breathing, so legs regulate lung expansion instead. can also pump water in and out of the cloaca to directly absorb oxygen into the blood

Question 9

reproduction in Testudines

Answer 9

have TSD – temperature determines sex of offspring, with cooler weather leading to more males and warmer weather leading to more females

Question 10

order of Reptilia containing lizards and snakes

Answer 10

order Squamata

Question 11

suborders contained within order Squamata

Answer 11

Lacertilia and Serpentes

Question 12

suborder of Squamata known as lizards

Answer 12

suborder Lacertilia

Question 13

suborder of Squamata known as snakes

Answer 13

suborder Serpentes

Question 14

key differences between snakes and lizards

Answer 14

snakes evolved once from lizards, snakes lack external ear openings, lizards have eyelids

Question 15

most important sense in snakes

Answer 15

scent

Question 16

organ in snakes used for olfaction

Answer 16

Jacobson’s organ

Question 17

locomotion in snakes

Answer 17

move by pushing on various points in the body with unidirectional scales on ventral surface for traction

Question 18

internal anatomy of snakes

Answer 18

many paired organs become singular due to the length and small width of the snake body

Question 19

skull of snakes

Answer 19

kinetic skull, bones can unhinge to accomodate large prey

Question 20

different toxins used by snakes

Answer 20

hemotoxins (breaks down tissue) and neurotoxins (paralyze nervous system)

Question 21

movement in lizards

Answer 21

arms set perpendicular to the body make breathing while moving impossible

Question 22

general characters of Crocodilians

Answer 22

oviparous, four-chambered heart, have heavy armor-like scales, complete secondary palate, have TSD

Question 23

two major groups of Dinosaurs

Answer 23

Ornithischians and Saurischians

Question 24

general characters of dinosaurs

Answer 24

limb attachment underneath torso, likely endothermic

Question 25

group of dinosaurs with pelvises shaped like extant lizards'

Answer 25

Saurischians

Question 26

group of dinosaurs with pelvises shaped like extant birds'

Answer 26

Ornithischians

Question 27

characters of Ornithischians

Answer 27

beaked herbivores, quadrupeds

Question 28

characters of Saurischians

Answer 28

some herbivorous, some predatory, many bipedal

Question 29

group of dinosaurs that gave way to birds

Answer 29

Saurischians

Question 30

very important dinosaur fossil that gave evidence of feathered dinosaurs

Answer 30

Archaeopteryx

Question 31

extinction event that killed 75% of all earth species

Answer 31

K-Pg extinction

Question 32

date of K-Pg extinction

Answer 32

65 MYA