Basal Forebrain and Ventral Striatum

Question 1

The basal forebrain is _ to the hypothalamus, and _ to the putamen, GP and anterior commissur

Answer 1

lateral

ventral

Question 2

The two systems composing the basal forebrain are

Answer 2

ventral striatopallidal system

basal magnocellular corticopetal system

Question 3

The ventral striatopallidal system is the interface between _ and _

Answer 3

limbic and motor system

hypothalamus

Question 4

The major function of the ventral striatopallidal system is _

Answer 4

Appetitive motor behavior based on positive reward

Question 5

Drugs of abuse affect _, leading to addiction

Answer 5

ventral striatopallidal system (dopaminergic system)

Question 6

The basal magnocellular corticopetal system has 2 types of neurons

Answer 6

Cholinergic

GABAergic

Question 7

The basal magnocellular corticopetal system controls arousal and memory consolidation by innervating which 3 structures?

Answer 7

cortex
amygdala
hippocampus

Question 8

Alzheimers disease leads to a decline in the number of neurons within which forebrain system

Answer 8

The basal magnocellular corticopetal system

Question 9

The striatal region of the striatopallidal region consists of the (4) structures

Answer 9

nucleus accumbens
olfactory tubercule
ventral part of putamen
head of the caudate

Question 10

The striatal region of the striatopallidal region consists of what types of neurons?

Answer 10

GABA medium spiny neurons

Question 11

The Pallidal region of the striatopallidal region is ventral to what structure? The anterior commisure separates it from what structure

Answer 11

Ventral striatum

anterior commisure

Question 12

The Pallidal region of the striatopallidal region contains what types of neurons?

Answer 12

GABA multipolar neurons

Question 13

The ventral striatum receives inputs from what 5 structures?

Answer 13

Limbic corticies
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Midline Thalamic n. (paraventricular)
Lateral hypothalamus

Question 14

What is the source of ventral striatum dopaminergic inputs? (2)

Answer 14

Substancia nigra, PC

VTA

Question 15

The VTA receives heavy input from orexin neurons of the _ and provides dopamine to various areas that input into the ventral striatum as part of the _ system

Answer 15

Lateral hypothalamus

mesocortocolimbic dopamine system

Question 16

Positive reward activate neurons of the _ and _

Answer 16

Substancia nigra, PC

VTA

Question 17

The mesocortocolimbic dopamine system travels in what hypothalamic bundle?

Answer 17

Medial forebrain bundle

Question 18

The 2 output areas of the ventral striatum are _ and _. Indirect outputs are via _ and _

Answer 18

ventral pallidum
substancia nigra, pr
medial subthalamic n
Lateral hypothalamus

Question 19

Ventral striatum direct outputs are _ while indirect outputs are _

Answer 19

inhibitory

excitatory

Question 20

The ventral pallidum and SNpr send pallidothalamic and nigrothalamic projections to the _

Answer 20

mediodorsal thalamic nuclei

Question 21

The mediodorsal thalamic nuclei innervate the _ (3) cortices

Answer 21

Orbital
Frontal
Cingulate

Question 22

The ventral striatum regulates dopamine release in the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus and amygdala by innervating what structure?

Answer 22

SNpc

Question 23

Lateral hypothalamus neurons innervate what 4 structures?

Answer 23

Accumbens
Paraventricular thalamic nuclei
Amygdala
VTA

Question 24

Food and drug rewards are strongly linked to what area of the hypothalamus?

Answer 24

Lateral hypothalamus orexin neurons

Question 25

Rewards, as well as reward predictive cues cause release of _? This molecule stamps in goal directed rewards,

Answer 25

Dopamine

Question 26

While dopamine is concerned with "wanting", what group of molecules in concerned with liking?

Answer 26

Opioids

Question 27

The inputs to the lateral habenula are from (3)

Answer 27

preoptic area ventral pallidum lateral hypothalamus

Question 28

The outputs of the habenula are to the (2). Here, they inhibit dopamine release, and stamp in _ experiences

Answer 28

SNpc VTA unpleasant, non-reward

Question 29

Damage to the ventral striatopallidal system are associated with _ and _

Answer 29

Psychoses | Drug addiction

Question 30

Depression is associated with reduced motivated behavior. This is associated with increased activity in _(3)

Answer 30

Prefrontal cortex Orbital cortex Ventral Striatum

Question 31

The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is associated with dysfuntion of dopamine in what system?

Answer 31

Mesocorticolimbic dopamine system

Question 32

Hallucinations and delusions are associated with increased activity in _ and _ , and decreased activity in _

Answer 32

Ventral Striatum Parahippocampal region Orbitofrontal cortex

Question 33

Typical and atypical neuroleptic drugs act on _

Answer 33

n. accumbens

Question 34

Amphetamines and cocaine acquire reinforcing properties greater than food.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Heroin, nicotine and alcohol have DA dependent effects via what system? DA independent effects via what area?

Answer 35

Mesolimbinc dopaminergic system | n. accumbens

Question 36

The basal magnocellular corticopetal system consists of which 2 types of neurotransmitters?

Answer 36

Cholinergic | Gaba-ergic

Question 37

The basal magnocellular corticopetal system cholinergic neurons from 3 populations from medial to lateral. They are

Answer 37

medial septum horizontal diagonal band n. basalis of maynert

Question 38

Gaba-ergic neurons form more / less discrete clusters and outnumber cholinergic neurons 2:1

Answer 38

More

Question 39

The cholinergic outputs of the basal magnocellular corticopetal system are as follows: medial septum/vertical diagonal band to _ horizontal diagonal band to _ n. basalis group to _

Answer 39

hippocampus olfactory bulb cerebral cortex

Question 40

The cholinergic outputs of the basal magnocellular corticopetal system are the major source of Ach to _ (3)

Answer 40

hippocampus olfactory bulb cerebral cortex

Question 41

Ach from the basal magnocellular corticopetal system supply what layers of the cortex? GABA from the basal magnocellular corticopetal system supply what neuron population?

Answer 41

All layers | Inhibitory cortical neurons

Question 42

The basal magnocellular corticopetal system receives inputs from what 4 cortices? What population does this excitatory input reach?

Answer 42

``` Orbitofrontal Cingulate Temporal Parahippocampal Only the GABAergic magnocellular neurons ```

Question 43

The basal magnocellular corticopetal system receives inhibitory inputs from what 2 areas? These contact what neuronal population?

Answer 43

Ventral putamen n. accumbens Only Cholinergic inputs

Question 44

The amygdala provides _ input to the basal magnocellular neurons? (Excitatory/Inhib) The LC, via NE, provides _ input to the basal magnocellular neurons? (Excitatory/Inhib)

Answer 44

Inhibitory | Excitatory

Question 45

The 3 major functions of the basal magnocellular system are _ what? What neurotransmitter mediates these functions?

Answer 45

Cortical arousal Selective attention Modulating cortical plasticity Ach

Question 46

The major influence over cholinergic neurons is inhibitory input from what structure? This structure receives increased DA release, disinhibiting cholinergic neurons in the cortex`

Answer 46

n. accumbens

Question 47

Reduced Ach is associated with _ | Increased Ach is associated wih _

Answer 47

Impaired sustained attention | Hypervigilance and learning induced synaptic plasticity

Question 48

Alzheimer Disease is associated with loss _, resulting in difficulty forming new memories

Answer 48

basal magnocellular cholinergic neurons

Question 49

What causes the hypervigilance and inappropriate focus seen in schizophrenic patients

Answer 49

Dopamine induced disinhibition of cholinergic neurons

Question 50

Smoking increases cortical Ach receptors. A side effect of nicotine withdrawal is _

Answer 50

Poor concentration