Hypothalamus 2

Question 1

The main pattern generator of thermogenesis is the _

Answer 1

N. raphe pallidus

Question 2

Heat sensitive neurons in the _ inhibit the RPa (warm response)

Answer 2

medial preoptic area of anterior hypothalamus

Question 3

Cold sensitive neurons in the _ activate the RPa (cold response)

Answer 3

Posterior hypothalamus

Question 4

Medial Preoptic area (MPOA) uses _ neurotransmitter to inhibit _ and _ during the warm response via the _ nucleus

Answer 4

GABA
dorsomedial / posterior hypothalamus
RPa
paraventricular

Question 5

Cool sensitive neurons are located in the _ and _. These excite _ in the cool response

Answer 5

Dorsomedial hypothalamus
Posterior Hypothalamus
RPa

Question 6

Lesions affecting the anterior hypothalamus lead to _

Lesions affecting the posterior hypothalamus lead to _

Answer 6

hyperthermia

Matching ambient temperature

Question 7

During fever, MPOA neurons contain _ receptors inhibited by _ made in capillary walls. This results in raising the set point

Answer 7

EP3

Prostaglandin E2

Question 8

The major function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is as _

Answer 8

Endogenous circadian oscillator

Question 9

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) receives inputs from the _ via the _ tract

Answer 9

Photosensitive retinal ganglion cells

retinohypothalamic

Question 10

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) projects extensively throughout the hypothalamus, true or false

Answer 10

True

Question 11

The pineal gland produces _. This production is inhibited by _

Answer 11

Melatonin

Light

Question 12

Total melatonin _ with age

Answer 12

Decreases

Question 13

Melatonin acts through the _ and _ receptors. These receptos inhibit insulin release, cortisol release

Answer 13

MT1 and MT2

Question 14

_ disruption is implicated in jet lag, sleep disorder, SAD

Answer 14

Melatonin

Question 15

The _ is active during sleep. It is reciprocally connected with the _, which contains histamine release

Answer 15

Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus

Tuberomamillary nucleus

Question 16

the Tuberomamillary nucleus (histamine) innervates the _, which is involved with arousal, as well as the entire cortex

Answer 16

ascending reticular activating system

Question 17

A switch between the _ and _ create a switch between wakefulness and sleep state

Answer 17

Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus

Tuberomamillary nucleus

Question 18

The VLPO is inhibited by GABA from the _ as well as _ from the locus coerulus and _ from serotonin from the _

Answer 18

Tuberomamillary nucleus
NE
median raphe n.

Question 19

Orexin neurons from the _ project to the _ (3) and maintain the “switch” in the awake position

Answer 19

Lateral hypothalamus
VLPO
TMN
ARAS

Question 20

Patients with narcolepsy have reduced amounts of

Answer 20

orexin

Question 21

Lesions of the anterior hypothalamus lead to _

Lesions of the posterior hypothalamus lead to _

Answer 21

Insomnia

Sleepiness

Question 22

The major function of the _ is to generate appetite. This is done by _ containing neurons

Answer 22

Lateral hypothalamus

Orexin

Question 23

Motivation for eating behavior is generated by LH projections to the _

Answer 23

Basal forebrain

Question 24

The _ controls the LH via to competing output systems

Answer 24

Arcuate nucleus

Question 25

The arcuate nucleus uses _ to inhibit feeding. It then uses _ to promote feeding

Answer 25

POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin) | NPY

Question 26

POMC inhibits the LH by acting on _ receptors. Mutation of these receptors have been implicated in obesity

Answer 26

Melanocortin (MC4R)

Question 27

NPY is able to block the actions of POMC on _ receptors, as well as directly inhibit _ neurons using GABA

Answer 27

Melanocortin (MC4R) | POMC

Question 28

POMC and NPY project to the _ to control pituitary hormone release, autonomics and visceral afferents related to feeding

Answer 28

Paraventricular nucleus

Question 29

Short term humoral signals are 2 fold. | _ (hunger hormone) is produced by _ and _. Its levels drop after an adequate meal. It is excitatory to NPY neurons

Answer 29

Ghrelin Stomach Pancreas

Question 30

Short term humoral signals are 2 fold. | _ is made in the duodenum. It is excitatory to POMC, suppressing feeding

Answer 30

CCK

Question 31

The long term feeding signals to the hypothalamus are _ (3)

Answer 31

Leptin - excites POMC Insulin Monoamines (NE and 5HT)

Question 32

The major neuron regulating satiety is the _. It functions by activating _ neurons. The strength of these inputs diminish with feeding

Answer 32

Ventromedial nucleus | POMC

Question 33

Lesions of the ventromedial nucleus result in _

Answer 33

Uncontrollable eating

Question 34

LH lesions lead to _. Lesions to the medial hypothalamus lead to _

Answer 34

abolished eating | uncontrollable eating and drinking

Question 35

Anorexia, forced starvation, has been associated with reduced levels of this "hunger hormone"

Answer 35

Ghrelin

Question 36

Volumetric Thirst activate _ which in turn cause ADH release from the supraoptic and _ nucleus

Answer 36

MPOA | Paraventricular

Question 37

Angiotensin II is detected by the _ of the hypothalamus, which in turn cause ADH release from the paraventricular and _ nucleus

Answer 37

subfornical organ | supraoptic

Question 38

Osmotic thirst is detected by _, leading to increased salt appetite

Answer 38

VOLT - vascular organ of the lamina terminalis

Question 39

Destruction of the anterior hypothalamus leads to _

Answer 39

Loss of drinking desire

Question 40

The hypothalamus can directly modulate the baroreflex by acting on _

Answer 40

RVLM

Question 41

The hypothalamus modulates reproductive milestones by acting on the _.

Answer 41

Anterior Pituitary

Question 42

Onset of reproductive milestones depend on (3)

Answer 42

body mass light cycles Stress

Question 43

Sexual behaviors are driven by projections of _ neurons of the Arcuate n. to the _

Answer 43

POMC | MPOA

Question 44

Arcuate n. sends dopaminergic projections to the _ via the tubero-infundubular tract to inhibit _ release

Answer 44

median eminence | prolactin

Question 45

Medial hypothalamus lesions lead to _ . Ventromedial hypothalamus lesions lead to _ and _

Answer 45

Curbed desires and paraphilias | Hunger and rage

Question 46

High levels of circulating _ are associated with impotence and low libido

Answer 46

Prolactin