Monoamines

Question 1

Biogenic amines include biomolecules with one or more _

Answer 1

Amines

Question 2

The 5 major biogenic amines discussed are _

Answer 2

5HT
NE
Epi (adrenalin)
DA
Histamine

Question 3

The 3 tyrosine derivative biogenic amines are _

Answer 3

NE
DA
Epi

Question 4

The vast majority of the biogenic amines are found in what area of the brain? (name, + 3 components)

Answer 4

Brainstem - Medulla, Pons, Midbrain

Question 5

As opposed to transmitting modality specific information, biogenic amines are thought to _, and have a crucial role in _ and _

Answer 5

Improve signal to noise ratio

Emotion and cognition

Question 6

The 3 biogenic amines thought to play a crucial role in mood are _. These BAs modulate each other, as well as other NT systems

Answer 6

serotonin
NE
DA

Question 7

This system is thought to be central to all theories of mental Illness. Additionally, drugs of abuse act directly or indirectly on this system

Answer 7

Central monoaminergic system

Question 8

There are as many as 12 5HT systems, but majority are clustered along the midline in what nuclei? What are the 2 major subdivisions?

Answer 8

Raphe n.

Ascending and descending

Question 9

The 5 major components of the serotonergic raphe system are _? From dorsal to caudal

Answer 9

Dorsal raphe (midbrain)
Raphe pontis 
Raphe Magnus
Raphe Pallidus
Raphe Obscuris

Question 10

The 5HT system reaches the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus and basal forebrain via _ .What 5HT system components participate in this ?

Answer 10

The medial forebrain bundle
Dorsal raphe (midbrain)
Raphe pontis (pons)

Question 11

The 5HT system reaches the cerebral cortex via the _ . What 5HT system components participate in this ?

Answer 11

Internal capsule
Raphe magnus
Raphe obscuris

Question 12

The major components of the descending 5HT system are _. What are their targets?

Answer 12

Raphe magnus - spinothalamic neurons (pain)

Raphe obscuris - motor neurons

Question 13

This type of 5HT release “sprinkles” neurotransmitter

Answer 13

Extrasynaptic / non-synaptic

Question 14

All but 1 5HT receptors are of this type. What is the exception

Answer 14

GPCR

5HT-3

Question 15

6 areas that 5HT is known to project to are?

Answer 15

Cortex
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Striatum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

Question 16

Of the following, which 2 have the highest 5HT concentrations? Which 3 have the lowest?
(Premotor, motor, primary, limbic, association cortices)

Answer 16

Highest - Primary and Limbic

Lowest - Association, premotor, motor

Question 17

5HT terminates all over the SPC on parasympathetic and sympathetic preganglionic neurons, motor neurons, spinothalamic neurons and interneurons to accomplish what?

Answer 17

Suppress stimuli that would alter behavioral states

Question 18

5HT neurons show state dependent discharge? When are they highest and when are the lowest?

Answer 18

Highest during wakefulness

Silent during sleep

Question 19

Sexual behavior and response are _ by 5HT

Answer 19

Inhibited

Question 20

Neurons from this 5HT system serves as pain modulators by synapsing on _ to modulate 1st and 2nd order neurons

Answer 20

Raphe magnus

Interneurons (Don’t directly respond to pain stim.)

Question 21

The command system for pattern generators is the _. This is accomplished by synapsing on _ and _

Answer 21

Raphe Obscuris

Interneurons and Motor neurons

Question 22

While _ initiates compound and stereotypic limb movements, the _ regulates the magnitude and timing

Answer 22

Reticulospinal system

Raphe-spinal neurons

Question 23

The precursor AA for 5HT is _

5HT is broken down to 5-HIAA by _

Answer 23

Tryptophan

MAO

Question 24

The 5HT receptor with similar structure to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors is _. It is targeted by ondansetron for anti-emesis

Answer 24

5HT-3

Question 25

The function of SERT is to _. Inhibitoion would lead to _

Answer 25

Remove 5hT from the synapse | Increased extracellular 5HT

Question 26

SERT is inhibited by what 2 classes of drugs? What agent is now banned for causing heart valve disease (also targets SERT)?

Answer 26

SRI TCA (tri-cyclic antidepressants) Fenfluramines

Question 27

A way to prevent 5HT loading into presynaptic vessicles is by targeting _. This inhibition results in _

Answer 27

Vesicular transporters | Increased 5HT release via SERT

Question 28

SSRIs improve depression in what timespan?

Answer 28

Requires up to 2 weeks

Question 29

Serotonin syndrome is a life threatening emergency. What are the 3 major functions affected?

Answer 29

Cognition (confusion, hypomania, headache, coma) Autonomics (shivering, sweating, hypertension, tachycardia) Somatic (myoclonus, hyperreflexia, insomnia)

Question 30

The major NE producing nucleus is _, located in the _

Answer 30

LC | Pons

Question 31

The only source of NE in the cortex is _

Answer 31

LC

Question 32

The LC is a major component of the _ system. What property of the LC allows for rapid signal spreading? If threat is perceived, the LC can activate the _

Answer 32

Direct arousal Non-synaptically coupled sympathetic ANS

Question 33

The _ provides a major input to the LC

Answer 33

Frontal cortex

Question 34

The LC is a major component of the _ system. It functions in

Answer 34

Direct arousal | Selection of relevant info, maintaining attention

Question 35

The three components of the direct arousal system, and their NTs are_. These are only active during _

Answer 35

TBN (histamine) LC (NE) Raphe (5HT) Wakefulness

Question 36

The major component of the indirect arousal system is

Answer 36

Thalamus

Question 37

The LC sends projections to the dorsal SPC as part of the _ system, causing release of _ from interneurons to _

Answer 37

Endogenous pain system Enkephalins Inhibit pain sensation

Question 38

_ type of LC release of adrenalin is required to focus on new stimuli. If the stimulus is perceived as a threat, the release is now _, leading to activation of _

Answer 38

Phasic Prolonged sympathetic ANS

Question 39

The acute stress response using NA to cause release of _ via the _

Answer 39

Stress hormones | hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis

Question 40

4 diseases that the LC is implicated in are_

Answer 40

ADHD (tonic firing) Panic disorder Mania (exaggerated NA) Depression (depleted NA)

Question 41

The precursor AA for NA is _. The rate limiting enzyme is _. All receptors are of what subtype

Answer 41

Tyrosine Tyrosine hydroxylase GPCRs

Question 42

The 2 major subclasses of NA receptors are _ and _. Where are the expressed? (generally)

Answer 42

``` Alpha receptors (1 and 2): Blood vessels Beta (1 and 2): Cerebral cortex, heart, lungs ```

Question 43

NA reuptake is accomplished by _.

Answer 43

NAT

Question 44

NA catabolism is accomplished by what 2 enzymes? Inhibition has what effect?

Answer 44

MAO, COMT | Increase in synapse, useful for depression

Question 45

DA is involved in 4 broad classes of disorders

Answer 45

Movement Psychosis (hyperfrontality in schizophrenia) Addiction Depression

Question 46

The ascending (2) and hypothalamic DA pathways are called?

Answer 46

Nigrostriatal Mesocorticolimbic Tuberoinfundibular

Question 47

The function of DA in the nigrostriatal pathway is _

Answer 47

Facilitate Movement in basal ganglia circuits

Question 48

The function of DA in the mesocorticolimbic pathway is _

Answer 48

Reinforce rewards

Question 49

The DA pathway to the hypothalamus is called _. Its function is _

Answer 49

Tuberoinfundibular | Inhibit prolactin release from lactotroph cells

Question 50

The precursor AA for DA synthesis is _. All receptors are of _ subtype

Answer 50

Tyrosine | GPCRs

Question 51

The 2 families of DA receptors are _ and _. Their members are _

Answer 51

``` D1 like (1-5) D2 like (2,3,4) ```

Question 52

Antisychotics target _ pathway for the treatment of schizophrenia, thought to be caused by _

Answer 52

``` Mesolimbic pathway (N. accumbens) Excess DA ```

Question 53

Excess DA in the _ contributes to the _ signs of schizophrenia. Excess DA in the _ contribute to the _ signs of schizophrenia

Answer 53

Mesolimbic pathway - Positive signs | Mesocortical pathway - negative signs

Question 54

The positive signs of schizophrenia are _ (2). The negative signs of schizophrenia are_ (4).

Answer 54

- Hallucinations and delusions | - Avolition, apathy,flat affect, alogia

Question 55

There is a positive correlation between antipsychotic effect and _ among _ class of antipsychotics

Answer 55

D2 receptor binding affinity | Typical

Question 56

Atypical antipsychotics target the _ and _ dopamine receptors

Answer 56

D3 and D4

Question 57

Reuptake of DA is accomplished by _. Inhibition is associated with _

Answer 57

DAT | Psychosis

Question 58

DA is catabolized by _ and _. Inhibition of these enzymes may result in _ symptoms

Answer 58

COMT MAO Psychotic

Question 59

Inhibition of the nigrostriatal pathway leads to _

Answer 59

Tardive dyskinesia

Question 60

Inhibition of DA receptors in the mesolimbic pathways is thought to _

Answer 60

Lessen psychosis

Question 61

The effect of typical antipsychotics on the tuberoinfundibular is _

Answer 61

Increased prolactin secretion from the pituitary