Basal Ganglia

Question 1

what are the two main feedback systems for refining motor system output?

Answer 1

Basal ganglia
Cerebellum

Question 2

Basal ganglia lesions

Answer 2

result in hypo or hyperkinetic movement disorders

Question 3

cerebellar lesions

Answer 3

Result in ataxia

Question 4

basal ganglia circuit

Answer 4

information Coming from the pre-motor cortex
Goes to basal ganglia
goes to the thalamus
Goes back to the motor cortex

Question 5

cerebellum circuit

Answer 5

information from the cortex
To the pons
To the cerebellum
To the thalamus

Question 6

What is the basal ganglia?

Answer 6

A collection of gray matter nuclei located deep within the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres

Main components include the caudate nucleus , putamen, global pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra

Question 7

The basil ganglia, predicts what?

Answer 7

Predicts the effects of actions, then make and execute action plans

Question 8

putamen

Answer 8

A large nucleus forming the lateral portion of the basal ganglia

there are cellular bridges that connect the putamen to the caudate nucleus

Question 9

striatum

Answer 9

The caudate and the putamen joined together

Question 10

Location of the Globus pallidus

Answer 10

medial to the putamen

Question 11

globus palludis

Answer 11

pale globe

myelinated fibers
Internal and external segments

Question 12

lenticular nucleus

Answer 12

putamen and globus pallidus

Question 13

substantia nigra

Answer 13

In the midbrain just dorsal to the cerebral peduncles

ventral portion is called the substantia nigra pars reticulata
The dorsal portion is called the substantia nigra pars compacta

Question 14

Parkinson’s is associated with the degeneration of which area?

Answer 14

Substantia nigra

Problem with dopamine production

Question 15

Basal ganglia input

Answer 15

inputs to the basal ganglia arrive via the striatum

Glutamate from the cortical motor areas equals the excitation of the striatum

Question 16

Basal ganglia output

Answer 16

exit via
globus pallidus internus
substantia nigra pars compacta

Question 17

substatia nigra sends neurons to the

Answer 17

striatum, where they release dopamine

which adjust signals to the output nuclei
With appropriate inhibition of the target nuclei

Question 18

globus pallidus internus inhibits

Answer 18

Motor thalamus, pedunculopontine nucleus, and midbrain locomotor region

Question 19

putamen receives input from

Answer 19

Premotor cortex, and motor cortex

Question 20

subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra compacta process

Answer 20

information within the basal ganglia circuit

Question 21

globus pallidus internus send output to

Answer 21

Motor areas of the cerebral cortex via the motor thalamus, PPN, and the midbrain locomotor region

Question 22

Basal ganglia Motor circuit output, regulates

Answer 22

muscle contraction
Muscle force
Multi joint movements
Sequencing of movements

Question 23

Why does the basal ganglia use three routes?

Answer 23

There are no direct outputs to the lower motor neurons

Question 24

Three routes for basal ganglia output

Answer 24

Motor thalamus
pedunculopontine nucleus
midbrain locomotor region

Question 25

basal ganglia and motor thalamus

Answer 25

The basal ganglia inhibits the motor thalamus Allows normal level excitation through the lateral corticospinal and rubrospinal tracks Allows normal control of voluntary movements

Question 26

basal ganglia and PPN

Answer 26

Basal ganglia, inhibits pedunculopontine nucleus PPN PPN inhibits the reticulospinal tracts allows normal facilitation to the postural and girdle muscles

Question 27

basal ganglia and mibrain locomotor region

Answer 27

Basal ganglia inhibits midbrain locomotor region allows normal activation of reticulospinal tracts allows normal facilitation of the stepping pattern generation

Question 28

Basal ganglia loops

Answer 28

Contribute to full functioning of the basal ganglia Predict future events Control desired, and undesired behaviors Motor Learning shifting attention Spatial working memory

Question 29

motor loop links the

Answer 29

putamen, globus pallidus, ventral lateral thalamic nucleus to the motor and premotor cortex

Question 30

oculomotor loop links

Answer 30

frontal and supplementary fields with the caudate body, substantia nigra reticularis, and the ventral anterior thalamic nucleus

Question 31

role of the motor loop

Answer 31

Movement selection and action Regulating- muscle contraction force multi joint movements sequencing

Question 32

role of oculomotor loop

Answer 32

regulate spatial attention and eye movements Reflexive prosaccades

Question 33

Goal directed behavior loop

Answer 33

Goal Directed behavior makes perceptual decisions Plans and decides on actions in context

Question 34

Social behavior loop

Answer 34

Recognition of social disapproval Self-control Discerning, relevant versus irrelevant information Maintaining attention Stimulus response learning

Question 35

emotion loop

Answer 35

involved in reward seeking and addiction Determines the value of stimulus reward based behaviors Monitors predictive errors Pleasure seeking

Question 36

ventral striatum links

Answer 36

limbic Cognitive Motor systems

Question 37

excessive inhibition, you end up with

Answer 37

hypokinetic disorders Parkinson’s

Question 38

inadequate inhibition, you end up with

Answer 38

Hyperkinetic disorders Huntington’s disease dystonia Tourette’s disorder dyskinetic cerebral palsy