basal ganglia

Question 1

what nuclei make up the striatum

Answer 1

putamen and caudate

Question 2

what structure separates the nuclei of the striatum

Answer 2

internal capsule

Question 3

what is the functional significance of the striatum

Answer 3

major input from the cortex

Question 4

what is the function of the caudate nuclei

Answer 4

eye movement and congition input from the cortex

Question 5

what is the function of the putamen

Answer 5

motor input from the cortex

Question 6

which part of the substantia niagra is input/output

Answer 6

input: pars compacta
output: pars reticulata

Question 7

what structures make up the lenticular nucleus

Answer 7

putamen

globus pallidus

Question 8

what three structures make up the corpus striatum

Answer 8

caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus

Question 9

what is the function of nucleus accumbens

Answer 9

emotion and limbic input

Question 10

what two tracts does the medial segment of globus pallidus internus give rise to and where do they pass relative to internal capsule

Answer 10

lenticular fasciculus - passes through posterior limb of IC

ansa lenticularis - passes under posterior limb of IC

Question 11

what is the thalamic fasciculus

Answer 11

where lenticular fasciculus and ansa lenticularis come together and go to the thalamus

Question 12

what is the general scheme of input/output of the basal ganglia

Answer 12

cerebral cortex => striatum => output nuclei => thalamus => back to cortex

Question 13

what is the function of the direct motor pathway of basal ganglia

Answer 13

execute intended movement through disinhibition

Question 14

what is the function of the indirect motor pathway of basal ganglia

Answer 14

inhibit extraneous motor pathways

Question 15

what is the general scheme of the oculomotor loop

Answer 15

FEF => caudate => SNr and GPi => VA/MD => FEF

Question 16

what is the general scheme of the associative loop

Answer 16

prefrontal/premotor => caudate => SNr and GPi => VA/MD

Question 17

what causes hyperkinetic disorders

Answer 17

not enough inhibition from the indirect motor pathway

Question 18

what is chorea

Answer 18

spontaneous, rapid, jerky involuntary movements

Question 19

what is athetosis

Answer 19

continual slow movements

Question 20

what is ballismus and what is it caused by****

Answer 20

flailing movement of whole extremity

caused by lesion of contralateral subthalamic nucleus **

Question 21

what is dystonia

Answer 21

persistent/fixing of posture

Question 22

is huntington dz hyper- or hypokinetic

Answer 22

hyperkinetic

Question 23

what is sydenham chorea

Answer 23

temporary chorea causes by untreated group A strep

Question 24

do lupus erythmatous and thyrotoxosis cause hyper or hypokinetic disorder

Answer 24

hyperkinetic

Question 25

what is the cause of huntington's dz

Answer 25

degeneration of neurons in striatum and cerebral cortex => decreased GABA

Question 26

how is huntington's treated

Answer 26

with seratonin antagonist tetrabenzine

Question 27

what are the sxs of huntington's dz

Answer 27

involuntary, rapid jerking movements dementia unsteady gait grimacing movements

Question 28

is parkinson's dz hyper- or hypokinetic

Answer 28

hypokinetic

Question 29

do wilson's dz and CO/Mn poisoning cause hyper or hypokinetic disorder

Answer 29

hypokinetic

Question 30

what causes hypokinetic disorders

Answer 30

too little direct pathway effect from basal ganglia

Question 31

what is the physiologic cause of parkinson's

Answer 31

SNc does not release enough dopamine onto basal ganglia

Question 32

what are the sxs of parkinson's dz

Answer 32

``` resting tremor slow movement shuffling gait cogwheel rigidity dementia ```

Question 33

how is parkinson's treated

Answer 33

L-dopa