Basal Ganglia

Question 1

Function of the Basal Ganglia

Answer 1

cognitive, emotional, movement related functions

Question 2

Striatum

Answer 2

Caudate Nucleus + Putamen

Question 3

Lentiform Nucleus

Answer 3

Globus Pallidus + Putamen

Question 4

Caudate Nucleus

Answer 4

motor function, emotional reward and procedural/associative learning

Question 5

Internal Capsule

Answer 5

afferent and efferent white matter tracts between thalamus and cortex

Question 6

Putamen

Answer 6

regulate movements and influence learning

Question 7

Globus Pallidus

Answer 7

regulation of voluntary movement

- ventral pallidum: involved in planning and inhibiting movements

Question 8

Nucleus Accumbens

Answer 8

integrates motivation with motor action

caudate head + putamen - only visible before thalamus/3rd ventricle

Question 9

Subthalamic Nuclei

Answer 9

Usually inactive due to inhibition from GPe
(no inhibition = Parkinson's disease)
- Dorsolateral motor territory
- Medial Limbic Territory
- Ventromedial associative territory

Question 10

Dorsolateral Motor Territory

inputs/outputs, function

Answer 10

(subthalamic nuclei)
input: primary motor cortex
output: GPe, GPi
motor function

Question 11

Medial Limbic Territory

inputs/outputs, function

Answer 11

(subthalamic nuclei)
input: anteriro cingulate cortex
output: GP ventral pallidum
behavioral, emotional

Question 12

Ventromedial Associative Territory

inputs/outputs, function

Answer 12

(subthalamic nuclei)
input: prefrontal cortex frontal eye fields
output: SNr
oculomotor, cognitive

Question 13

Where in the brain are there the most dopamine neurons

Answer 13

Substantia Nigra

also Ventral tegmental area

Question 14

Substantia Nigra pars Compacta

Answer 14

• input to BG, supplies dopamine to striatum

contains densely packed, pigmented dopaminergic neurons

Question 15

Substantia Nigra pars Reticulata

Answer 15

• output from BG

contains loosely packed, non pigmented inhibitory GABAergic neurons

Question 16

Nucleus Accumbens - Shell

Answer 16

• limbic system connections
• project to ventral tegmental area, hypothalamus, amygdala
• part of mesolimbic pathway (reward system)

Question 17

Nucleus Accumbens - Core

Answer 17

• motor function related to reward/reinforcement

- project to globus pallidus, substantia nigra

Question 18

Nigrostriatal Pathway

Answer 18

connections between dopamine neurons of SNc and striatum

- production of movement

Question 19

Basal Ganglia input

Answer 19

straitum receives input from cerebral cortex, SNc

Question 20

Basal Ganglia output

Answer 20

SNr to thalamas, superior colliculi

GPi to thalamus to motor cortex

Question 21

Motor and Oculomotor Loop

Answer 21

along w/ CNS regions to modulate movements prior to and during execution

Question 22

Associative (cognitive) Loop

Answer 22

involved in regulating attention and planning

Question 23

Limbic (emotional) Loop

Answer 23

involved in regulating emotional behaviors and motivation

Question 24

Direct Pathway

Answer 24

creating movement
- removes inhibition from thalamus by inhibiting GP
striatum –> GPi –> Thal

Question 25

Indirect Pathway

Answer 25

inhibiting unwanted movement - subthalamic nucleus inhibits thalamus striatum --> GPe --> Sub thal. --> GPi --> Thal

Question 26

Hypokinetic

Answer 26

loss of movement, slowness, rigidity due to loss of direct pathway (less disinhibition of VA/VL) - Akinesia - Bradykinesia

Question 27

Akinesia

Answer 27

difficulty in initiating movement | decrease of spontaneous movement

Question 28

Bradykinesia

Answer 28

slowness of movement

Question 29

Hyperkinetic

Answer 29

``` excessive//inappropriate motor activity loss of indirect pathway (less inhibition of VA/VL) - Athetosis - Chorea - Ballism ```

Question 30

Atethosis

Answer 30

slow, writhing movement of distal parts of limbs

Question 31

Chorea

Answer 31

rapid, flicking movement of extremities and facial muscles

Question 32

Ballism

Answer 32

violent, flailing movement of limbs

Question 33

Body movement pathway

Answer 33

motor, premotor somatosensory cortex | --> putamen --> GP --> VL/VA

Question 34

Oculomotor movement pathway

Answer 34

posterior parietal, prefrontal cortex --> caudate (body) --> GP, SNr --> mediodorsal & VA nuclei

Question 35

Associative pathway

Answer 35

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex --> caudate (head) --> GP, SNr --> Mediodorsal & VA nuclei

Question 36

Limbic pathway

Answer 36

amygdala, hippocampus, orbitofrontal, anterior cingulate, temporal cortices --> ventral striatum --> GP mediodorsal nucleus