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Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

fun facts

A
  • makes up almost 1/2 of brain weight

- nearly 25 billion neurons w/ 10^14 synaptic connections

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2
Q

Neocortex (homogenetic cortex)

A
  • majority of cerebral cortex

- 6 layered structure

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3
Q

Heterogenetic cortex

A

–> Paleocortex - olfactory bulb/parahippocampal gyrus
–> Archicortex - hippocampus
both 3 layers

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4
Q

Neocortex gyri

A

precentral gyrus
postcentral gyrus
cingulate gyrus
parahippocampal gyrus

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5
Q

Non-neocortex gyri

A

uncus
olfactory cortex
olfactory bulb

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6
Q

pyramidal cells

A

principle output neurons

  • cone shaped cell bodies w/ LONG apical dendrites
  • long axons LEAVE CORTEX; excitatory
  • 10um-100um range in size
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7
Q

non-pyramidal cells

A

principle interneurons

  • cone shaped cell bodies w/ SHORT apical dendrites
  • axons STAY IN CORTEX; excitatory
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8
Q

dendritic spines

A

site of synapses that are modified during learning

- small changes in spine geometry produce large electrical changes

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9
Q

Cortical layers

A
  1. molecular layer
  2. external granular layer
  3. external pyramidal layer
  4. internal granular layer
  5. internal pyramidal layer
  6. polymorphic layer - fusiform shaped cells
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10
Q

Motor Cortex structural layers

A
  • long axons
  • large pyramidal cell layers 3-5
  • AGRANULAR (lack of granule cells
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11
Q

Primary Sensory Cortex structural layers

A
  • shorter axons project to closer cells
  • large pyramidal cells 3-5
  • GRANULAR
  • THINNER OVERALL
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12
Q

Afferents to cortex

A

other cortical areas, terminate in layer 2-3
- association fibers from ipsi. hemisphere
- commissural fibers from contra.
subcortical areas (thalamus) in layer 4

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13
Q

Efferents to cortex

A 
other cortical areas to layer 3 
- major source of corticocortical fibers
subcortical areas
- travel thru internal capsule
- 5 - major source of corticostriate fibers
- 6 - fibers to thalamus
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14
Q

BA #1,2,3

A

primary somatosensory cortex

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15
Q

BA #4

A

primary motor cortex

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16
Q

BA #5

A

associated cortex, somatosensory cortex

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17
Q

BA #6

A

premotor cortex

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18
Q

BA #17

A

primary visual cortex

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19
Q

BA #18,19

A

associated cortex visual

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20
Q

BA #22,39,40

A

wernicke’s area

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21
Q

BA #41,42

A

auditory cortex

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22
Q

BA #44,45

A

broca’s area

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23
Q

Inter-Hemispheric Connections

A
  • corpus callosum
  • anterior commissure
  • posterior commissure
24
Q

Anterior Commissure

A

temporal lobe interconnection

- pain sensation, memory, emotions

25
Posterior Commissure
pretectal nuclei interconnection | - mediates pupillary light reflex
26
Corpus Callosum
Genu - prefrontla fibers Body - motor/sensory fibers Splenium - visual fibers --> destruction of left visual cortex and L splenium = pure word blindness (alexia without agraphia)
27
Intra-Hemisphereic Connections
- superior longitudinal fasciculus - inferior longitudinal fasciculus - ucinate fasciculus
28
Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus
frontal --> parietal, occipital, temporal
29
Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus
temporal --> occipital lobe
30
Ucinate Fasciculus
frontal --> temporal
31
Neocortical Region 1
Parietal Lobe S1 - primary somatosensory cortex S2 - secondary somatosensory cortex
32
S1
primary somatosensory cortex BA #3 - thalamocortical projections from VPM, VPL in granular cortex BA #1,2 - less thalamic, more cortical inputs
33
S2
secondary somatosensory cortex -input from S1 and VPM/VPL lateral sulcus, extending to insula
34
Congenital Analgesia
- can't feel pain sensation - causes: mutation to voltage gated Na+ channels or autosomal recesesive expression of a mutation in TRKA gene controlling nerve growth
35
Neocortical Region 2
Occipital Lobe V1 - primary visual cortex V2 - visual association area
36
V1
Primary Visual cortex BA #17 - retina projects to lateral geniculate to here, info processed then distributed to V2
37
V2
Visual Association area BA #18,19 - sensitive to motion, color destruction of V1= total loss of visual stim. response destruction of V2= loss of specific aspects
38
Neocortical Region 3
Temporal Lobe A1 - Primary auditory cortex A2 - Secondary auditory cortex
39
A1
Primary auditory cortex BA #41 - tonotopically organised - granular cortex
40
A2
Secondary auditory cortex BA #42 - gets info from BA #41 and medial geniculate
41
Neocortical Region 4
Frontal Lobe M1 - Primary motor cortex M2 - Secondary motor cortex SMA - Supplementary motor area
42
M1
``` Primary Motor Cortex BA #4 - agranular, thickest cortex - betz cells - stimulation = contra. muscle movements, except for palate, tongue - lesion - spastic paralysis ```
43
Betz cells
largest pyramidal neurons
44
M2
``` Secondary Motor Cortex BA #6, premotor cortex - agranular - no betz cells - stimulation - slow movement of larger muscle groups ```
45
SMA
Supplementary motor Area BA #6 - stimulation = movement of posture muscles lesion does not cause paralysis or reflex change
46
Planum Temporale
larger on left than right --> expands left lateral sulcus
47
Broca's Area
BA #44,45 - lesions impairs language fluency; good comprehension can understand language, but cannot produce it --> lack of instructions to motor cortex for production
48
Wernicke's Area
BA #22 - lesions impairs comprehension; good fluency can produce language but linguistically incorrect
49
Prosody
rhythm, stress, intonation of speech (musicality)
50
Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus
prosody production | - lesions = motor aprosodia
51
Right Posterior Temporoparietal Region
prosody comprehension | - lesion = sensory aprosodia
52
Posterior Parietal Cortex
some association areas are unimodal | - damage = sensory specific inability to recognise things
53
Visual Agnosia
can't recognise faces
54
Right Parietal Association Cortex
mediates spatial orientation - lesions = contralateral neglect (lesions to the left doesn't cause same neglect --> right side dominant for spatial attention)
55
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
- located @ middle frontal gyrus BA #9 and 46 - function: working memory - ultimatum game
56
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
- interconnected to limbic system | - lesion = impulsivity, inability to suppress inappropriate responses & emotional reactions (Phineas Gage)

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