basal ganglia part 2

Question 2

general loop structure

Answer 2

Cortex 2 BG 2 Thalamus 2 Cortex

Question 3

Motor Loop

Answer 3

putamen of BG(step 2)

Question 4

ventral caudate (C) and n. accumbens(step 2)

Answer 4

Orbitofrontal loop

Question 5

nucleus accumbens (A) and other BG nuclei

Answer 5

Limbic loop:

Question 6

caudate (C) and other BG

Answer 6

Oculomotor loop and Dorsolateral prefrontal Loop:

Question 7

cortical neurons project to the —– where glutamate is released.

Answer 7

cortical neurons project to the striatum where glutamate is released.

Question 8

—— neurons in the substantia nigra, ——- project to the striatum

Answer 8

Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, pars compacta (SNc) project to the striatum

Question 9

—– projections provide an important pathway for the modulation of the —– and —— pathways

Answer 9

nigrostriatal projections provide an important pathway for the modulation of the direct and indirect pathways

Question 10

Di +

Answer 10

Direct pathway: facilitates motor (or cognitive) programs

Question 11

D2, –

Answer 11

Indirect pathway: inhibits the execution of competing motor programs

Question 12

Direct pathway by D1 +

Answer 12

GPi/ SNr

Question 13

Indirect pathway

Answer 13

D2-

–>GPe

Question 14

excited by dopamine and project to Gpi

Answer 14

(direct pathway)

Question 15

Striatal neurons with D1 receptors are excited by

Answer 15

Striatal neurons with D1 receptors are excited by dopamine

(direct pathway)

Question 16

Striatal neurons with D2 receptors are inhibited

Answer 16

Striatal neurons with D2 receptors are inhibited by dopamine

(indirect pathway)

Question 17

project to Gpe

Answer 17

Striatal neurons with D2 receptors

Question 18

dopaminergic projections

Answer 18

lost in Parkinson’s disease.

Question 19

Increased Activity of the Direct Pathway Occurs in the Presence of

Direct Pathway

Answer 19

Glutamate and Dopamine

Question 20

inc GABA in GPi/ SNr from striatum

Answer 20

decreased GABA release in the thalamus

Direct path

Question 21

low GABA put in from (GPi/SNr) ; more Glu excreted from

Answer 21

thalamus

Question 22

more glu neurons from thalamus

Answer 22

more glu neurons from motor cortex(CC)

Direct pathway

Question 23

1.Dopamine released from SN leads to —– of GABAergic neurons projecting from striatum to GPe.

Direct path

Answer 23

1.Dopamine released from SN leads to inhibition of GABAergic neurons projecting from striatum to GPe.

Question 24

STN in direct pathwya

Answer 24

inc GABA

Question 25

decrease firing of glutamatergic neurons projecting from STN to Gpi/ SNr

Answer 25

caused from 3. Increased GABA levels in STN (Direct pathway)

Question 26

decreased GABA release into thalamus

Answer 26

b/c of Reduced excitation of GPi /SNr-GABAergic neurons

Question 27

tf in the direct path STN has inc firing of glutamatergic neurons projecting from STN to Gpi/ SNr

Answer 27

STN has decrease firing of glutamatergic neurons projecting from STN to Gpi/ SNr

Question 28

tf dopaminergic neurons only relased from

Answer 28

Snc

Question 29

leff; more ;less direct path

Answer 29

GABAergic neurons projecting from striatum to GPe.; GPe neurons are disinhibited, leading to increased GABA levels in STN Increased GABA levels in STN causes decrease firing of glutamatergic neurons projecting from STN to Gpi/ SNr

Question 30

Glutamate released from corticostriatal fibers leads to --------activity of----- neurons projecting from striatum to GPe indirect path

Answer 30

Glutamate released from corticostriatal fibers leads to increased activity of GABAergic neurons projecting from striatum to GPe

Question 31

inhibition of GPe neurons

Answer 31

indirect path occurs from Activation of GABAergic projections from striatum to GPe

Question 32

disinhibition of glutamatergic neurons projecting from STN to Gpi/ SNr indirect pathway

Answer 32

from Inhibition of GPe neurons

Question 33

Gpi/SNr - GABAergic neurons excited

Answer 33

in indirect pathway3

Question 34

inc GABA release in indirect pathway from

Answer 34

Striatum and (GPi/SNr)

Question 35

inhibited glutamatergic projections in indirect path

Answer 35

Thalamus (VA,VL) and motor cortex

Question 36

Increased Activity of the Indirect Pathway

Answer 36

presense Glutamate (absence of dopamine)

Question 37

degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in SNc

Answer 37

Parkinson’s Disease

Question 38

Dopamine inhibits

Answer 38

GABAergic neurons projecting from striatum to GPe

Question 39

Dopamine excites

Answer 39

GABAergic neurons projecting from striatum to GPi

Question 40

lesion of the subthalamic nucleus

Answer 40

resulting hyperkinesia

Question 41

less Glu from STN and less GABA from GBI

Answer 41

hyperkinesia

Question 42

more GABA from striatum and GPI/SNR

Answer 42

indirect pathway and hyperkinesia

Question 45

Degeneration of neurons in caudate and putamen (indirect pathway)

Answer 45

Huntington’s Disease/ Huntington’s Chorea excess movement

Question 46

GABA D2 not stimulated much

Answer 46

Huntington’s Chorea