Basic Anatomy - Upper Extremities Flashcards
(91 cards)
0
Q
Two divisions of the skeletal system
A
- Axial skeleton
2. Appendicular skeleton
1
Q
In anatomic position, both arms adjacent to the sides with palms facing what?
A
Anteriorly
2
Q
Two basic types of bones
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A. Compact bones
B. spongy bones
3
Q
Type of bone with shaft (heads at both ends); typically longer
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Long bones
4
Q
Type of bone mostly spongy and cube-shaped
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Short-bone
5
Q
Part of long bone, composed of compact bone
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Diaphysis - shaft
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Q
Junction between epiphysis and diaphysis
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Metaphysis (epiphysis refers to the ends of the bones, composed mostly of spongy bones)
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Q
Articular cartilage, which covers the external surface of the epiphysis is covered with what type of cartilage?
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Hyaline cartilage -helps decreases friction at the joint surface
8
Q
Medullary cavity in adults contains what type of marrow?
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Yellow marrow - mostly fat
Red marrow - in infants for blood cell formation
9
Q
Refer to Indirect bone formation
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Intracartilagenous/endochondrial - mesynchem to cartilage to bone formation (all bones were indirect except for the flatbones of the skull)
12
Q
Clavicle is considered part of axial or appendicular skeleton?
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Appendicular skeleton
14
Q
Zone of osteogenesis: mature chondrocytes undergo hypertrophy, contain vacoules and accumulate glycogen
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Zone of Hypertrophy
15
Q
Five zones of osteogenesis
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Resting Zone Zone of Proliferation Zone of Hypertrophy Zone of Calcification Zone of Ossification
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Q
Functional classification of Joints - mobility
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A. Synarthroses - immovable joints
B. Amphiarthroses - slightly moveable joints
C. Diarthroses - freely moveable joints
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Q
Structural classification of joints - connecting medium
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A. Fibrous joints - generally immovable
B. Cartilaginous joints - immovable/slightly moveable
C. Synovial joints - freely moveable
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Q
Example of fibrous joints;allows more movement than Sutures
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Syndesmoses
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Q
Primary cartilaginous joints were connected by what cartilage type?
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Hyaline cartilage - unlike secondary cartilaginous joints connected by fibrocartilage
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Q
Synovial joint type: Sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular
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Plane joint
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Q
Synovial joint type: elbow, knee and ankle
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Hinge/Ginglymus
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Q
Synovial joint type: shoulder and hip
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Ball and socket / ENARTHROSIS
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Q
Refer to direct bone formation
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Intramembranous - from mesynchem to bone formation
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Q
Synovial joint type: atlantoaxial/radioulnar
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Pivot joint / trochoid
25
Q
Anterior border of the axilla
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Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Subclavius
26
Q
Synovial joint type: carpometacarpal of thumb
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Saddle joint
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Which is not part of the posterior border of the axilla?
| Serratus anterior muscle, subscapular, latissimus dorsi, Teres major
Serratus anterior muscle - part of the medial border
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Brachial plexus nerve block: position verified by feeling the pulsation of the 3rd part of what artery?
AXILLARY artery
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Weakest part of the axilla which is more prone to dislocation
Inferior part
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Rotator cuff muscles?
```
SITS
A. Supraspinatus
B. Infraspinatus
C. Teres minor
D. Subscapularis
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32
Suprascapular nerve ligated, what part of the shoulder muscle/s will be affected?
Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus - supplied by Suprascapular nerve
Teres minor/Deltoid/Teres major - supplied by axillary nerve
Subscapularis - by upper subscapular
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Function as rotators for the shoulder muscle
Infraspinatus - lateral rotator
Teres minor - lateral rotator
Subscapularis - medial rotator
Deltoid/Teres major - medial rotator
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Mc affected tendon of the shoulder muscle:
Supraspinatous muscle - pain anterior, superior to the shoulder joint during abduction
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Brachial plexus: the three trunks form into six divisions at what particular landmark?
Clavicle
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two contents of the quadrangular space?
Axillary nerve - circumflex nerve
| Posterior circumflex humeral vessels
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Circumflex scapular vessels enter the TRIANGULAR SPACE bounded by what muscles?
Teres major - above
Teres minor - below
Long head of Triceps - laterally
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A. Main flexor of the forearm?
| B. Flexes and main supinator of forearm?
A. Brachialis
| B. Biceps brachii
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Part of the humerus: attached to common flexor tendon, common origin of forearm flexor muscles
Medial epicondyle - origin of Pronator teres, FCR, FCU, FDS and Palmaris longus
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Golfer's elbow: repetitive flexion and pronation of the forearm at the elbow is the inflammation of what?
Common flexor tendon - medial epicondyle
| a.k.a Medial Epicondylitis
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Synovial joint type: metacarpophalangeal / KNUCKLE
Condyloid joints
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Skulls, ribs, and sternum are what type of bone based on shape?
Flat bones - usually curved, thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone
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Brachial plexus: in the neck, 5 rami/roots originate from what vertebral columns?
C5 to T1
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Tendon: attached extensor muscles of the forearm with the lateral epicondyle of humerus
Common extensor tendon - origin if Anconeus, Supinator, ECRB, ED, EDM, ECU
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Condition result due to forced extension and flexion of the forearm at the elbow
Lateral Epicondylitis / Tennis Elbow - inflammation of the common extensor tendon - lateral epicondyle
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All are contents of the cubital fossa except:
| Median nerve, ulnar nerve, brachial artery, biceps brachii tendon, radial nerve
Ulnar nerve is not found in the cubital fossa
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THENAR muscles supplied by the Median Nerve except:
| Adductor pollicis, Abductor pollicis brevis, Flexor pollicis brevis, Opponens pollicis
Adductor pollicis - it is innervated by Ulnar nerve
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innervated by ANTERIOR division fibers except:
| Axillary, Musculocutaneous, Ulnar, Median
Axillary together with Radial nerve contains Posterior Division Fibers
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Tendon reflex at C5-C7 that results to supination of the radioulnar joints
Brachioradialis tendon reflexes
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Abductor digiti minimi, Flexor digiti minimi and Opponens digiti minimi are collectively called ____ muscles; supplied by the Ulnar nerve
Hypothenar muscles
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From C5 to C7 that innervates the Serratus Anterior
Long thoracic Nerve
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If Ulnar nerve: C8-T1 then Axillary nerve is?
Axillary (C5 and C6) - Deltoid, Teres minor
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From C5 - T1 which innervates the extensor compartment of arm and forearm
Radial nerve
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If tapping Triceps tendon (C6-C8) results to extension of the elbow joint then tapping the biceps tendon results to what?
Biceps brachii tendon reflex - C5-C6, flexion of the elbow
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Triceps brachii is the main extensor of the forearm. What nerve is located in the posterior compartment of the arm?
Radial nerve
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Upper brachial injury, lesion at the C5-C6 ventral rami, proximal musculature of the upper limb is affected. "waiter's tip" position
Erb-Duchenne's Syndrome - due to fall on the shoulder or during difficult delivery
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Weakness on the intrinsic muscles of the hands, combination of ape hand and claw hand. Results from compression of the C8-T1
Klumpke's paralysis
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Lesion results to protraction of the scapula, "winged scapula" after a radical mastectomy
Long Thoracic Nerve Lesion - commonly injured while coursing the serratus anterior
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Lesion affecting the latissimus dorsi results to have difficulty in elevating the trunks and difficulty using a crutch
Thoracodorsal nerve lesion
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Accident results to fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus. Patient experience altered sensation in the skin covering the deltoid and weakness in lateral rotation
Axillary nerve lesion - other shoulder usually became atrophic
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Radial nerve lesion results to a wristdrop weakness, inability to extend the hand at the wrist and loss of extension at the MP joints of all digits.
Common cause?
Spiral fracture of the MIDSHAFT of humerus
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Classic feature of a median nerve, proximal lesion usually due to supracondylar fracture of the humerus
Hand of Benediction - index and middle fingers remain extended when attempting to flex in making a fist
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A median nerve, distal lesion due to LUNATE dislocation. Patient experienced numbness and pain over the palmar aspects of the thumb, index finger and middle fingers. Classic presentation? Associated syndrome?
APE hand - weakness in opposition of thumb
| carpal tunnel syndrome
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Claw hand, is a classic presentation for Ulnar, distal nerve lesion. Usually results from a fracture of what specific structure?
Fracture of hook of HAMATE
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Axillary artery is a continuation of the __ artery
Subclavian artery - tendon of the Pectoralis minor divides it into three parts
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Thoracoacromial artery belongs to the __ part of the Axillary artery
Second part together with Lateral thoracic
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It is the highest thoracic artery of the Axillary artery
Superior thoracic artery - supplies the first two intercostal spaces
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3rd part of the Axillary artery composed of what artery branches?
1. Subscapular artery
2. Anterior circumflex humeral
3. Posterior circumflex humeral
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First bone to begin ossification during fetal development
Clavicle - and last one to complete ossification at about age 21
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Fall on the shoulder or outstretched hand results to medial segment elevated by the pull of SCM and lateral segment displaced downward by gravity and Deltoid results to what injury?
Brachial injury/Lower trunk
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Humeral fracture: axillary nerve affected, posterior circumflex artery maybe lacerated
SURGICAL neck
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Carpals: located proximally except:
| Scaphoid/lunate/trapezium/triquetral
Trapezium is part of the distal row
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How many Palmar and Dorsal interossei per hand and their functions?
Palmar interossei - 3 ADDUCT fingers
| Dorsal interossei - 4 ABDUCT fingers
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Humeral fracture: radial nerve affected and Profunda brachial artery lacerated
Midshaft/spiral fracture
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Results to ring finger draws into palm the little finger, flexion of proximal interphalangeal joint
Dupuytren's contracture - localized thickening and contracture of the palmar aponeurosis
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Humeral fracture: median nerve affected, contractions of triceps and brachialis may shorten the arm
Supracondylar fracture
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Fracture of the base of the first metacarpal bone, thumb is forcefully abducted
Bennett's fracture
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Synovial joint type: wrist
Ellipsoidal joint
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Musculocutaneous nerve that innervates the Coracobrachialis, Biceps brachii and Brachialis came from what roots?
C5 to C7
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Humeral fracture: ulnar nerve affected
Medial epicondyle
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Displacement of the lower end of radius anteriorly
Smith's fracture - fragments ventrally placed
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Located inside the anatomical snuffbox
Radial artery
Styloid process of radius
Base of 1st metacarpal bone
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Fracture of the neck of the 4th and 5th metacarpals, distal segments displaced proximally, shortening of the finger psteriorly
Boxer's fracture
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Dermatome: if inguinal is L1 then S5 would be?
Perinuem
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May cause carpal tunnel syndrome, it is the most commonly dislocated carpal bone, typically dislocated anteriorily
Lunate bone
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Dermatome: medial aspect of the hypothenar eminence
C8
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Dermatome: small toe
S1
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The lymphatic drainage of the body is divided into two lymphatic vessels
1. Thoracic duct
| 2. Right lymphatic duct - right side of the head/neck, thorax, upper limb
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Thickening of the synovial sheaths of the flexor tendons or arthritic changes of the carpal bones
Carpal tunnel syndrome - burning pain, pin and needles along the distribution of the median nerve
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Dermatome: thumb
C6
C7 - index and middle finger
C8 - ring finger and small finger
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Deformity displacing the distal segment of the radius POSTERIORLY
Dinner/Silver fork deformity - COLLES fracture, fragment dorsally placed
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If T10 dermatome level is umbilicus the. T4-T5 would be?
Nipple
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Our body has a total of how many bones?
206 bones
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Important nerve of the anterior compartment of the arm
Musculocutaneous nerve
