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Basic Bacteriology Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What is the role of the clinical microbiologist?

A

Culture Organisms
Classification
Prediction

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of a prokaryote?

A

No organelles
Unicellular
Lacks nuclear membrane
No true nucleus

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3
Q

What are a family, a genus, and a species known as (These are the only ones we care about)?

A

General Taxonomy

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4
Q

What is taxonomy based on?

A

Macro/micro morphology
Staining
Nutrition
Physiologic/biochemical traits
Susceptibility/resistance

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5
Q

What has led to reclassification of some bacteria?

A

Genetic Relatedness
Current technology allows for further analysis of DNA/RNA

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6
Q

What is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins that envelops the cell and regulates transport of molecules in and out of the cell?

A

Plasma Membrane
Hydrophilic polar heads
Hydrophobic nonpolar tails

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7
Q

What are the different cell appendages?

A

Cilia (Short)
Flagella (Long)

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8
Q

What is found free in the cytoplasm, attaches to the cytoplasmic membrane, and consists of RNA and proteins?

A

Bacterial Ribosomes

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9
Q

What produces the purple color of a gram positive cell wall?

A

Peptidoglycan Layer (Thick/Protective)
Not dissolved by alcohol

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10
Q

What produces the pink color of a gram negative cell wall?

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Outer layer)
Thin inner Peptidoglycan layer

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11
Q

What are the outer membrane functions in a gram negative cell wall?

A

Acts as a barrier
Acts as a sieve (allows things in/out)
Provides attachment sites

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12
Q

What consists of a waxy layer of glycolipids and fatty acids?

A

Acid-Fast Cell Walls

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13
Q

What uses Carbolfuchsin to penetrate the cell wall by either heat (Ziehl-Neelsen) or by a detergent (Kinyoun method)?

A

Acid-Fast Stain

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14
Q

What are the basic shapes in bacterial morphology?

A

Cocci
Bacilli
Spirochetes

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15
Q

What does understanding the growth requirements of potential pathogens allow the microbiologist to do?

A

Select the correct media for culture and optimize the chance for isolation

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16
Q

What are the types of growth media?

A

Minimal
Enriched
Nutrient
Selective
Transport
Differential
MEN STD

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17
Q

What are factors that can influence microbial growth?

A

Temperature
Gaseous composition of atmosphere
pH

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18
Q

What are the growth curve phases of bacteria?

A

Lag Phase (Preparing to divide)
Log Phase (Numbers Increase)
Stationary (Bacteria remain constant)
Death

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19
Q

How can we determine cell numbers in bacterial growth?

A

Direct Counts
Plate Counts
Density

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20
Q

What does microbial metabolism consist of?

A

Biochemical reactions bacteria use to break down organic compounds

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21
Q

What are the mechanisms of gene transfer?

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A

Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation
Restriction Enzymes

22
Q

Which mechanism of gene transfer involves the uptake and incorporation of naked DNA into a bacterial cell?

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A

Transformation

23
Q

Which mechanism of gene transfer involves the transfer of bacterial genes by a bacteriophage from one cell to another?

24
Q

Which mechanism of gene transfer involves the transfer of genetic material from a donor bacterial strain to a recipient strain?

25
Which mechanism of gene transfer involves the cutting of foreign DNA at specific sequences?
Restriction Enzymes
26
Define pathogenicity.
Ability of an organism to produce disease in a host
27
What can cause an iatrogenic infection?
Medical treatment or procedures Indwelling urinary catheters
28
What is Virulence?
Relative ability of a microorganism to cause disease
29
What is the most common mechanism for evading phagocytosis used by microorganisms?
Having a polysaccharide capsule on it's surface
30
What are fimbriae (pili) and surface polysaccharides known as? What do they allow for?
Known as adhesive structures Allow for attachment to host surface structures
31
What is localized invasion?
Penetration and growth in a few layers or one body area
32
What is dissemination?
Spreading from initial infection site to distant sites
33
What are poisonous substances secreted by organisms?
Toxins
34
What is an example of an Endotoxin and what do they cause?
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) Hypotension Fever Initiates Coagulation
35
What are examples of host resistance factors?
Physical Barriers (intact Skin) Cleansing Mechanisms (tears, urine, mucus) Low pH (stomach/Vagina) Antimicrobial substances (fatty acids, HCl, lysozymes, immune proteins)
36
What is the best method for fundamental specimen collection?
Written handbook available for every patient to collect the highest quality specimen
37
What is the primary goal of specimen collection?
Maintain specimen near to its original state without deterioration or leakage
38
What specimen do we collect directly from the site of infection?
Lesions/Wounds/Abscesses Needle aspiration Sterile tube or anaerobe transport
39
What is often collected to detect bacterial pneumonia and requires the patient to deeply cough into a sterile container?
Sputum
40
What is the specimen of choice for gastrointestinal pathogens?
Stool
41
What is considered a critical weak link in the specimen management process?
Incomplete patient information
42
When would we like to transport specimens?
Transport within 30 min of collection Preferably within 2 hours
43
How can we preserve urine? How can we preserve stool?
Urine: Boric acid Stool: Refrigerate for 2 hours; Cary-Blair transport media if longer
44
Who governs the shipment of infectious substances?
Department of Transportation (DOT) U.S. Postal Service
45
What is more than one specimen from the same source on the same day an example of?
An unacceptable specimen
46
What are the three key components of microscopy?
Magnification Resolution Contrast
47
Give the primary inoculations for fastidious and non fastidious organisms to grow.
Fastidious: Enriched media Non-fastidious: Nonselective media
48
Give the primary inoculations for gram positive and gram negative.
Gram Positive: Selective media Gram Negative: Differential media
49
Which isolation technique involves streaking into four quadrants?
Isolation streak Organism concentration grading
50
Which isolation technique is used for urine cultures?
Quantitative Isolation Uses loops with specific volumes
51
At what temperature do most cultures grow at?
Between 35C and 37C

Safety Quality Control/Basic Bacteriology (2 decks)

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