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Basic Blood Flashcards

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1
Q

What does blood consist of?

A

Erythrocytes

Leukocytes

Thrombocytes

Protein-rich fluid - plasma

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2
Q

What is hematocrit?

What are the %s for males and females?

A

The volume of RBCs in a sample of blood

39-50% male

35-45% female

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3
Q

What percentage do leukocytes and platelets make up in the blood?

A

1%

Consists of a buffy white coat when in the centrifuge

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4
Q

What does blood plasma consist of?

A

>90% H2O

Also a solvent for proteins, regulatory substances, nutrients, electrolytes, gases, and waste

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5
Q

Where is the interstitial fluid found and what is it derived from?

A

The fluid is found around the tissue cells and comes from blood plasma.

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6
Q

What is serum?

A

Blood without the clotting factors.

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7
Q

Main protein constituent of blood (~50%), made in liver

A

Albumin

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8
Q

What is the function of Albumin?

A

Exerts a concentration gradient between blood and EC tissue fluid.

Source of colloid osmotic pressure

Carrier protein for thyroxine, bilirubin, barbiturates

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9
Q

Largest component of glubulins, functional immune system molecules

A

Immonoglubulins (y-globulins)

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10
Q

Maintain the osmotic pressure within the vascular system & serve as carrier proteins

A

a-glubulins and b-glubulins (Non-immune globulins)

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11
Q

Fibronectin, lipoproteins, & coagulation factors are all what?

A

Non-immune globulins

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12
Q

Largest plasma protein (340 kDa), is made in the liver

A

Fibrinogen

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13
Q

Insoluble form of fibrinogen

A

Fibrin (323kDA)

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14
Q

How can fibrinogen be dangerous to humans?

A

Fibrinogen chains may form from polymerized monomers.

These can become cross-linked, forming impermeable nets that stop blood flow.

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15
Q

What are formed elements?

A

They are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

Formed in bone marrow.

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16
Q

How long do red blood cells live?

What % is removed each day?

Where are they phagocytosed?

A

120 days

1%

Spleen, bone marrow, liver

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17
Q

These are immature RBCs released from bone marrow.

What do the indicate?

A

Reticulocytes

Still have organelles

Mature into erythrocytes in 24-48 hours

May indicate underlying illness.

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18
Q

This protein attaches unlying cytoskeletal protein network to cell membrane.

A

Glycophorin C - integral protein

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19
Q

This binds hemoglobin & acts as an anchoring site for the cytoskeletal proteins (most abundant)

A

Band 3 protein - Integral membrane proteins

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20
Q

What is glycosylated on the extracellular portion of integral membrane proteins in the erythrocyte?

A

ABO antigen

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21
Q

Purpose of peripheral membrane network in erythrocytes.

A

“Laminate” inner layer of membrane

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22
Q

What is the inner lattice of erythrocytes composed of?

A

α-spectrin & β- spectrin molecules

Heterodimer that forms long, flexible tetramers

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23
Q

What protein complex interacts with glycophorin C?

A

Band 4.1 protein complex

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24
Q

What protein complex interacts with Band 3?
What does this complex consist of?

A

Ankyrin protein complex

Ankyrin & Band 4.2 protein

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25
What causes most anemias?
**Hemorrhage**, insufficient production or **Hemolytic anemia**, accelerated destruction
26
What dietary problems can cause anemia?
Insufficient dietary Fe, vitamin B12, or folic acid can lead to decreased RBC production
27
This is an autosomal dominant mutation that affects the ankyrin complex.
**Hereditary spherocytosis** Defective anchor points, causing membrane to detach & peel off → **spherical** erythrocytes
28
Autosomal dominant mutation the defects spectrin to spectrum lateral bonds and spectrin-ankyrin-band 4.1 protein junctions.
**Hereditary elliptocytosis** ## Footnote Membrane fails to rebound & progressively elongates → **elliptical** erythrocytes
29
What can cause jaundice in relation to blood?
Destruction of circulating erythrocytes - Inherited RBC defects - Pathogenic animals and toxins Jaundice is common in newborn infants because of inefficiency of newborn liver.
30
Cause of sickle cell anemia
Single-point mutation β-globin chain of hemoglobin A (HbA) * Sickle hemoglobin (HbS) * Glutamic acid → Valine
31
What percentages of HbS molecules respective to genotypes?
85% in homozygotes \<40% in heterozygotes
32
What is the danger of sickled RBCs?
Blood is more viscous and RBCs are more fragile Breakdown is about 20 days Pile up in smallest capillaries, large vessel obstruction may occur
33
Two general groups of leukocytes, what are they and what is this based on?
Two general groups based on presence or absence of prominent granules Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
34
What cells make up each of the leukocyte groups?
Granulocytes give me all the ‘feels’ → neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils Agranulocytes → lymphocytes, monocytes **N**ever **L**et **M**onkeys **E**at **B**ananas
35
What are these?
Neutrophils Have a multi-lobed nucleus, are **polymorphonuclear**, or known as **polymorphs** General lack of cytoplasmic staining
36
What do neutrophils function in?
Acute inflammation & tissue injury Secrete enzymes, ingest damaged tissue, kill invading microorganisms Bind to adhesion molecules that interact with ligands on endothelial cells ---\> further directed by chemotaxis
37
Granules that have lysosomes containing myeloperoxidase (MPO).
**Azurophilic granules** (primary granules)
38
Granules that have various enzymes, complement activators, & antimicrobial peptides.
**Specific granules** (secondary granules)
39
Granules that have Phosphatases Metalloproteinases - facilitate migration of through CT
**Tertiary granules** (two types)
40
Functions of Eosinophils?
Release **arylsulfatase & histaminase** Phagocytose **antigen–Ab** complexes May mediate chronic inflammation (i.e.,lung​ tissues in asthmatics)
41
What is eosinophilia?
Increase counts of Eosinophils with allergies and/or parasitic infections
42
Least numerous cell type in blood.
Basophils (\<0.5%)
43
What is this?
Basophil Lobbed nucleus obscured by granules
44
Function of Basophils?
Functionally related to **mast cells** (connective tissue) Bind an **antigen-IgE antibody complex** (plasma cells) triggers activation **Release** **of vasoactive agents** from granules Release histamine
45
What disturbances can Basophils cause?
Severe vascular disturbances associated with **hypersensitivity reactions & anaphylaxis**
46
What are these?
Lymphocytes Vary 6uM-30uM Intensely staining, spherical nucleus w/ thin, pale blue rim of cytoplasm Size-dependent
47
Undergo differentiation in the thymus; long lifespan & are involved in cell-mediated immunity
**T lymphocytes (T cells)**
48
Form & differentiate in bone marrow; transform into plasma cells → antibodies
**B lymphocytes (B cells)**
49
Programmed to kill virus-infected and/or tumor cells
**NK cells**
50
What is this?
Monocytes Largest of the WBCs (~18 μm) Indented, heart-shaped nucleus Contain small, azurophilic granules
51
Where and what do monocytes differentiate into?
**Mononuclear phagocytotic system** **Osteoclasts, Kupffer cells** (liver) **Macrophages of connective tissue**, lymph nodes, spleen, & bone marrow
52
How do monocytes induce inflammation?
Monocyte leaves vasculature → macrophage → phagocytosis
53
What are these?
Thrombocytes Small, membrane-bound, cytoplasmic fragments
54
How are thrombocytes formed?
Derived from megakaryocyte: large polyploid cells in bone marrow Small bits of cytoplasm are broken off of the cell Platelets circulate as discoid structures w/ a life span of ~10 days
55
Platelets release what? What is the function of these chemicals?
**Serotonin**: potent vasoconstrictor → smooth muscle contraction → reduces blood flow at injury **ADP & thromboxane A2**: increase aggregation of platelets to form **primary** **hemostatic plug**
56
What does the secondary hemostatic plug consist of?
Fibrin, forms a mesh to entrap more platelets during wound healing.
57
What is the advantage of the biconcave structure of erythrocytes?
Allows them to move through tight cappilaries, lack of organelles allows them to be full of hemoglubin and allow oxygen to bind.
58
What is it called when erythrocytes line up on themselves?
A **Rouleaux**
59
Why can erythrocytes be used as a histological ruler?
Typically aways 7 to 8 microns in length.
60
What is this?
**Bands** - immature neutrophils with banded nucleus
61
What is this?
Eosinophil

MCM Exam 2 (14 decks)

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