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Basic Facts about Antioxidants Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Oxidative stress is caused by

A

an overproduction of free radicals in the body without enough antioxidants to quench them

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2
Q

Free radicals are unstable molecules that have unpaired______

A

electrons

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3
Q

Free radicals seek to become stable by

A

attacking cells in the body, destroying cell membranes and structures inside the cell especially DNA.

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4
Q

Free radicals damage:

A 
DNA
RNA
PROTEINS
FATS
CARBOHYDRATES
MEMBRANES
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5
Q

OXIDATIVE STRESS IS LINKED TO MOST CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS:

A 
CANCER 
HEART DISEASE
ALZHEIMERS DISEASE
DIABETES
ARTHRITIS
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6
Q

Free radicals can be endogenous MEANING-

A

made by the body.

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7
Q

Endogenous free radicals are derived from

A

oxygen or nitrogen

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8
Q

Free radicals formed from oxygen are called

A

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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9
Q

the most damaging free radical

A

The hydroxyl radical

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10
Q

The hydroxyl radical reacts with DNA and causes

A

lesions in DNA strands – the start of chronic diseases such as cancer.

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11
Q

Nitric oxide made from

A

L-arginine

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12
Q

Peroxynitrite

A

formed from reaction of nitric oxide and the superoxide radical.

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13
Q

Hydrogen peroxide
Peroxynitrite
Lipid peroxide
Other radical species formed by biological reactions.

A

OTHER OXIDIZING AGENTS FORMED IN THE BODY

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14
Q

Free radicals are produced by the body during energy production in the___.

A

mitochondria

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15
Q

Free radicals are produced by the body during energy production in the mitochondria.
This process uses

A

oxygen and glucose.

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16
Q

The by products of free radical production are:

A
  • Hydroxyl radical
  • Superoxide
  • Hydrogen peroxide
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17
Q

Free radicals are also produced from exposure to:

A

Ionizing radiation
Smoking
Free iron in the body –usually from destruction of red blood cells
Free copper

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18
Q

Free radicals perform critical functions in the body.

A

They control blood flow through arteries and veins
Used by the immune system to fight infection. The superoxide radical and nitric oxide is used to kill viruses and bacteria.
Free radicals kill cancer cells. Cancer drugs increase the production of free radicals.

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19
Q

Free radicals (ROS) are used as signaling molecules that

A

regulate growth, differentiation and apotosis.

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20
Q

Oxidation occurs when an atom or molecule

A

Gains oxygen
Loses hydrogen
Loses electrons
Increased oxidation in the body leads to chronic diseases.

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21
Q

Reduction occurs when an atom or molecule

A 
Loses oxygen
Gains hydrogen
Gains electrons
Antioxidants are reducing agents
There must be a balance between oxidation and reduction for a healthy state
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22
Q

Inflammation is the process by which

A

the body removes bacteria, viruses and damaged cells caused by injury.
Usually the injures site becomes red, swollen, warm and painful.

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23
Q

ACUTE INFLAMMATION

A

Plasma and leucocytes leave blood vessels due to increased permeability of the membranes

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24
Q

engulf viruses and bacteria by phagocytosis and kill the by generating ROS. can also degrade dead cell debris by using enzymes.

A

Leucocytes

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25
If injury is extensive the acute response is not turned off and damage to tissues can lead to
organ failure or death.
26
Causes the production of endogenous antigens resulting in autoimmune diseases such as: Alzheimer’s disease Arthritis Diabetes heart disease
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
27
Increases the expression of the gene that codes proteins that holds normal cells together 
Carotenoids
28
Retinyl palmitate, retinyl acetate; converted to retinol in body.
Vit A
29
improves lutein and lycopene bioavailability.
Beta Carotene
30
Lutein:
eyes
31
Lycopene:
prostate
32
Beta Carotene:
eyes and fatty tissues
33
recycles oxidized vitamin E
Vitamin c
34
reduces inflammation
Vit E, glutathione
35
Most effective form is alpha-tocopheryl succinate (alpha-TS) which can enter cells more easily; alpha-TS form only acts as AO when converted to AT
Vitamin E
36
most important AO in cells.
Glutathione
37
synthesized in the body from three AA’s: L-cysteine, L-glutamic acid, and glycine
Glutathione
38
cofactor = selenium 
Glutathione
39
n-acetylcysteine and lipoic acid can be taken, instead, to increase cellular levels.
Glutathione
40
Increases glutathione levels in cells
NAC
41
More commonly known as a mucolytic ("mucus-dissolving") agent
NAC
42
recycles vit C & E
ALA
43
increases glutathione levels in cells
ALA
44
mitochondria use______ in energy production
CoQ10
45
weaker of the AOs but recycles vitamin E
CoQ10
46
in all cells- in cell organelles esp. in heart and liver as they require more.
CoQ10
47
can recycle oxidized vitamin E
NADH
48
essential for mitochondria to generate ATP 
NADH
49
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
50
Polyphenols
Flavonoids
51
Polyphenols
chemical substances found in plants:
52
Examples: quercetin, epicatechin, and oligomericproanthocyaninids).
Flavonoids
53
citrus fruits, berries, ginkgo biloba, onions, parsley, tea, red wine, dark chocolate
Flavonoids
54
Poorly absorbed in intestinal tract
Flavonoids
55
Reduces inflammation
Melatonin
56
hormone produced by pineal gland in brain & retina, lens and GI tract. Synthesized from AA, tryptophan. also produced by plants, IE rice.
Melatonin
57
can’t be regenerated by other AOs
Melatonin
58
readily absorbed from intestinal tract
Melatonin
59
``` From diet (red meat) & body synthesized from AAs: lysine and methionine; vitamin C- dependent. ```
L-Carnitine
60
Crosses blood-brain barrier
L-Carnitine
61
Kidneys conserve this AO well; not usually needed as a supplement unless one has kidney problems or deficiency.
L-Carnitine
62
destroy FRs and hydrogen peroxide
``` AO enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD)- requires manganese or copper-zinc ``` catalase-requires iron glutathione peroxidase.
63
Precurser to AO-Glutathione
NAC
64
Increases glutathione levels in cells
NAC
65
More commonly known as a mucolytic ("mucus-dissolving") agent
NAC

Antioxidants (3 decks)

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