Basic Facts about Oxidative Stress, In ammation, and the Immune System. ch2

Question 1

non-toxic compounds that neutralize free radicals and block the release of glutamate

Answer 1

Antioxidants

Question 2

Liver extract used by early Egyptians to cure night blindness.
1912 vitamin __ discovered by Dr. McCollum
Structure determined 1930
Made in the lab 1947

Answer 2

VITAMIN A

Question 3

VITAMIN A –SOURCES AND FORMS

Answer 3

Liver is the best source (beef, pork, chicken)
Plant sources –sweet potatoes, broccoli, kale, spinach, pumpkins, apricots, mangoes.
Vitamin A exists as retinyl acetate and retinyl palmitate –both forms can be converted to retinol in the body.
Vitamin A also exists as retinoic acid in cells.

Question 4

Retinyl acetate and palmitate are converted in the intestines

Answer 4

to the retinol form of vitamin A

Question 5

Retinol is stored in the

Answer 5

liver

Question 6

Found in yellow fruits and vegetables

Parsley, cilantro, fresh thyme, pumpkin, carrots, cantaloupe, mangoes, squash

Answer 6

CAROTENOIDS

Question 7

Main carotenoids

Answer 7

alpha and beta carotene, leutin, lycopene and zeaxanthin

Question 8

the most studied carotenoid

Answer 8

Beta carotene

Question 9

Fruits and vegetables

Synthetic forms – sodium, magnesium and calcium ascorbate and capsules of ascorbic acid.

Answer 9

VITAMIN C SOURCES

Question 10

Vitamin C Used by Native Americans to cure

Answer 10

scurvy (pine bark and leaves)

Question 11

Regenerates vitamin E and so prevents oxidation of lipoproteins

Answer 11

VITAMIN C

Question 12

Vitamin C has a chemical structure similar to_______ so it is readily absorbed by cells.

Answer 12

glucose

Question 13

Humans must get ______ from the diet

Answer 13

vitamin C

Question 14

Vitamin C is______-soluble so excess is excreted by the kidneys.

Answer 14

water

Question 15

Protects the sperm from free radical damage

Answer 15

Vit C

Question 16

Necessary for effective functioning of the immune system

Answer 16

Vit C

Question 17

VITAMIN E Exists in 8 forms –

Answer 17

alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocopherol and tocotrienols.

Question 18

Prevents oxidation of lipids in the body

Answer 18

VITAMIN E

Question 19

Reduces the risk of prostate cancer in men and inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells.

Answer 19

VITAMIN E

Question 20

Protects against damage by UV radiation and ozone

Answer 20

VITAMIN E

Question 21

Sources of vitamin E:

Answer 21

wheat germ
Sunflower oil
Olive oil
Walnuts 
Fortified cereals (US)

Question 22

Vitamin E is____-soluble and

Answer 22

fat-

stored in the fat cells

Question 23

Made by the body from 3 amino acids cysteine, glutamic acid and glycine

Answer 23

GLUTATHIONE

Question 24

Detoxifies drugs and pollutants

Answer 24

GLUTATHIONE

Question 25

Necessary for healthy liver function

Answer 25

GLUTATHIONE

Question 26

Important for functioning of the immune system-Recycles oxidized vitamin C

Answer 26

GLUTATHIONE

Question 27

Necessary for transport and storage of amino acids.

Answer 27

GLUTATHIONE

Question 28

Lipoic acid boosts levels of _____ –best way of getting it.

Answer 28

GLUTATHIONE

Question 29

Water-soluble so it protects the water portions of the body,

Answer 29

GLUTATHIONE

Question 30

Found in all cells but most abundant in liver.

Answer 30

GLUTATHIONE

Question 31

Sources : fruits and vegetables

Answer 31

GLUTATHIONE

Question 32

Substances that decrease glutathione levels in the body include:

Answer 32

Cigarette smoke Processed foods containing nitrites and nitrates Excess alcohol The painkiller acetaminophen

Question 33

Essential for the production of energy

Answer 33

CoQ10

Question 34

Found mostly in the mitochondria in the liver, heart and brain.

Answer 34

CoQ10

Question 35

Rejuvenates brain cells – may help to prevent Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.

Answer 35

CoQ10

Question 36

Used to treat gum disease

Answer 36

CoQ10

Question 37

Fat Soluble-Regenerates vitamin E

Answer 37

CoQ10

Question 38

Made by the body and found mainly in sea foods and organ meats.

Answer 38

CoQ10

Question 39

Most versatile antioxidant

Answer 39

LIPOIC ACID

Question 40

Recycles vitamin A,E and C, glutathione and coQ10.

Answer 40

LIPOIC ACID

Question 41

can also regenerate itself

Answer 41

LIPOIC ACID

Question 42

Neutralizes free radicals generated from oxygen and nitrogen.

Answer 42

LIPOIC ACID

Question 43

Regulates gene expression

Answer 43

LIPOIC ACID

Question 44

Crosses the blood/brain barrier

Answer 44

LIPOIC ACID

Question 45

Fat soluble and water-soluble | Made by the body

Answer 45

LIPOIC ACID

Question 46

Dietary sources: Spinach Potatoes Red meat

Answer 46

LIPOIC ACID

Question 47

Regulates circadian rhythm

Answer 47

MELATONIN

Question 48

Reduces inflammation

Answer 48

MELATONIN

Question 49

Stimulates immune function

Answer 49

MELATONIN

Question 50

Prevents toxicity of beta amyloid fragments that cause Alzheimer’s

Answer 50

MELATONIN

Question 51

Made from tryptophan mostly by the pineal gland

Answer 51

MELATONIN

Question 52

Also made in the retina, lens and the GI tract.

Answer 52

MELATONIN

Question 53

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

Answer 53

NADH

Question 54

Needed for storage of memory

Answer 54

NADH

Question 55

Necessary for release of acetylcholine – a neurotransmitter

Answer 55

NADH

Question 56

Recycles vitamin E

Answer 56

NADH

Question 57

Necessary for energy production in the mitochondria.

Answer 57

NADH

Question 58

``` Are not made by the body and are obtained primarily from the diet. They include: Vitamin A Vitamin C Carotenoids Flavonoids Polyphenols and other plant substances ```

Answer 58

GROUP A ANTIOXIDANTS

Question 59

These are antioxidant enzymes made by the body and include: Superoxide dismutase Catalase Glutathione peroxidase which requires selenium for its biological activity

Answer 59

GROUP B ANTIOXIDANTS

Question 60

``` These are made by the body but can also be obtained from the diet. These include: Glutathione Lipoic acid Coenzyme Q10 l-carnitine NADH ```

Answer 60

GROUP C ANTIOXIDANTS