Basic Pathology Flashcards
(207 cards)
1
Q
Physiologic vs pathologic hypertrophy: Athlete’s heart
A
Physiologic
2
Q
Physiologic vs pathologic hypertrophy: Pregnant uterus
A
Physiologic hypertrophy after an initial physiologic hyperplasia
3
Q
2 mechanisms of atrophy resulting in a decrease in size of cells
A
1) Ubiquitin-proteasome degradation
2) Autophagy
4
Q
Mechanism of atrophy resulting in a decrease in number of cells
A
Apoptosis
5
Q
Normal left ventricular thickness
A
1.5 cm
6
Q
Normal right ventricular thickness
A
0.5 cm
7
Q
Mechanism of metaplasia
A
Reprogramming of stem cells
8
Q
Epithelial vs mesenchymal: Type of tissue most commonly affected by metaplasia
A
Epithelial
9
Q
Most common type of metaplasia
A
Squamous metaplasia
10
Q
Type of metaplasia seen in the cervix
A
Glandular/columnar metaplasia
11
Q
Mesenchymal metaplasia characterised by heterotropic ossification usually within large muscles
A
Myositis ossificans
12
Q
Cellular adaptation that takes place in the specialized conjunctival epithelium in vitamin A deficiency
A
Keratomalacia (metaplasia)
13
Q
Symptom experienced by patients with keratomalacia
A
Night blindness
14
Q
Vitamin A is essential in the maturation of the immune system hence it (ATRA) is used in the treatment of
A
Acute promyelocytic leukemia
15
Q
T/F Metaplasia is premalignant
A
F
16
Q
T/F Dysplasia is premalignant
A
T
17
Q
Ischemia can cause permanent damage to the brain if not reversed within
A
3-5 minutes
18
Q
T/F Hyperplasia can progress to dyplasia and CA
A
T
19
Q
Example of hyperplastic condition that may progress to CA
A
Endometrial hyperplasia
20
Q
Pathologic hypertrophy vs hyperplasia: BPH
A
Hyperplasia
21
Q
T/F BPH is premalignant
A
F
22
Q
Type of hyperplasia in the endometrium that may progress to carcinoma
A
Complex hyperplasia
23
Q
Most common cause of cellular injury
A
Hypoxia
24
Q
Final electron acceptor in the ETC
A
O2
25
Substance that has 100x more affinity to hgb than O2
CO
26
Appearance of skin with CO poisoning
Cherry red
27
First symptom of CO poisoning
Headache
28
Most common cause of hypoxia
Ischemia
29
Most common cause of Budd-Chiari syndrome (renal vein thrombosis)
Polycythemia
30
Spectrum of morphologic changes that follow cell death in living tissue
Necrosis
31
Type of necrosis seen in arteries and autoimmune diseases
Fibrinoid necrosis
32
Cellular change responsible for shedding of endometrium in menstrual cycle
Apoptosis
33
Literal meaning of apoptosis
Falling of leaves
34
Type of cell death responsible for spaces between fingers in embryologic development
Apoptosis
35
T/F Necrosis is always pathologic
T
36
Substance that initiates cell death
Caspases
37
CD of fas receptor
CD95
38
Where in the mitochondria is cytochrome c located
IMM
39
Pro-apoptotic factors
1) Bax
2) Caspase 3
3) p53
40
Antiapoptotic factors
Bcl-2
41
Most common form of lipid deposited in fatty change
TAG
42
Most common cause of fatty change in adults
Alcohol
43
Abnormal protein deposited in multiple myeloma
Russel bodies
44
Pink, eosinophilic inclusions in plasma cells in patients with multiple myeloma
Russel bodies
45
Glycogen storage diseases
```
Very Poor CArbohydrate Metabolism
I - von Gierke's
II - Pompe's
III - Cori's
IV - Andersen
V - McArdle
```
46
Morphologic hallmark of cell death
Loss of nucleus
47
Coagulative necrosis is usually due to
Ischemia
48
Type of infarction seen with arterial occlusion
Pale/white infarction
49
Type of infarction seen with venous occlusion
Red infarction
50
White vs red infarction: Renal
White
51
White vs red infarction: Testicular
Red
52
Type of necrosis seen in the pancreas
Liquefactive
53
Type of necrosis seen in uterus of pregnant women with preeclampsia
Fibrinoid necrosis
54
Type of necrosis seen in malignant hypertension
Fibrinoid necrosis
55
Enzyme deficient in Gaucher's disease
Glucocerebrosidase
56
Enzyme deficient in Tay-Sach's disease
Hexosaminidase A
57
Enzyme deficient in Nieman-Pick's disease
Sphingomyelinase
58
Disease in which microscopically, the nucleus is pushed to the periphery and the cytoplasm looks like crumpled tissue paper
Gaucher's disease
59
Most common endogenous pigment
Lipofuscin
60
Substance accumulation in which DM may arise and called bronze DM
Hemochromatosis
61
Malarial pigment
Hematin/hemozoin
62
Malarial pigment: (+) vs (-) Prussian blue
Negative
63
Pigment: P. falciparum
Maurer's dots
64
Pigment: P. malariae
Zieman's dots
65
Pigment: P. ovale
James dots
66
Pigment: P. vivax
Schuffner's dots
67
Copper storage is seen in what disease
Wilson's disease or hepatolenticular degeneration
68
Enzyme increased in alcohol poisoning resulting in fatty liver due to esterification of FA to TAG
Alpha glycerophosphate
69
Formed when tyrosine oxidase catalyses the oxidation of tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine
Melanin storage
70
Disease in which there is a lack of homogentisic dioxygenase leading to accumulation of homogentisic acid causing urine to turn black upon exposure to air
Alkaptonuria
71
Close differential for melanin storage being similar in having brown-black pigment (seen in alkaptonuria)
Onchronosis
72
Calcium deposits seen in non-viable or dying tissue
Psamomma bodies or asbestos bodies
73
Diseases in which psamomma bodies are seen
PSMM
1) Papillary thyroid CA
2) Serous ovarian CA
3) Meningioma
4) Mesothelioma
74
Dystrophic vs metastatic calcification: Causes organ dysfunction
Dystrophic
75
Any change within or outside cell which gives a homogenous, glassy, pink appearance on routine H and E
Hyaline change
76
Hyaline change that gives (+) Congo Red stain
Amyloid
77
Appearance of (+) Congo Red stain
(+) birefringence (green) on polarised microscope
78
Hallmark of early hemodynamic change
Increased blood flow
79
Hallmark of acute inflammation
Increased vascular permeability and edema
80
P-selectin is derived from
Weibel-Palade bodies
81
Normal fluid exchange and microvascular permeability are dependent on
An intact endothelium
82
Refers to transport of fluid through endothelial cells by channels of interconnected, uncoated vesicles and vacuoles (vesiculovacuolar organelles)
Transcytosis
83
Why is there LEAKAGE from regenerating capillaries?
Proliferating endothelial cells are leaky
84
Hydrothorax is defined as
Any amount >15mL in the thoracic space
85
Blood vessels involved in active congestion
Arterioles
86
Blood vessels involved in passive congestion
Veins
87
Zone of the liver most susceptible to toxin
Zone 1
88
Autosomal recessive defect of integrins
Leukocyte adhesion defect 1
89
CD mutated in leukocyte adhesion defect 1
b chain of CD11/CD18 integrins
90
Substances that up regulate integrins
1) LTC4
| 2) C5a
91
Preformed mediators of inflammation found in secretory granules of leukocytes
1) Histamine
2) Serotonin
3) Lysosomal enzymes
92
Cellular source of histamine in inflammation
Mast cells
93
Cellular source of serotonin in inflammation
Platelets
94
Cellular source of lysosomal enzymes in inflammation
Neutrophils
95
Defective leukocyte adhesion due to mutations in fucosyl transferase
Leukocyte adhesion defect 2
96
Genetic defect wherein there is decreased oxidative burst
CGD
97
Most common infections encountered in CGD
Catalase (+) organisms
98
Catalase (+) organisms
1) S. aureus
| 2) Pseudomonas cepacia
99
Enzyme defect in CGD
NADPH oxidase
100
Test for CGD
Nitroblue tetrazolium test
101
Nitroblue tetrazolium test result in CGD
Normal
102
DDx for CGD
Myeloperoxidase deficiency
103
Decreased leukocyte functions because of mutations affecting protein involved in lysosomal membrane trafficking
Chediak-Hegashi syndrome
104
Most common infections encountered in Chediak-Higashi syndrome
Pyogenic infections
105
Components of Chediak-Higashi syndrome
1) Giant platelets
2) Albinism
3) Microtubule system defect
106
Source of secretions in inflammation
Endothelial cells
107
3 major opsonins
1) Fc fragment of IgG
2) C3b
3) Plasma lectins (MBL in 3rd pathway of c' activation)
108
Auer rods are seen in WBCs of patients with
AML
109
Stage of WBC development where azurophilic granules are seen
Promyelocyte
110
Stage of WBC development where specific granules are seen
Myelocyte
111
Last stage of WBC development that is capable of cell division
Myelocyte
112
WBC granules: AKA primary granules
Azurophilic granules
113
WBC granules: AKA secondary granules
Specific granules
114
WBC granules: AKA tertiary granules
Gelatinase granules
115
Primary vs secondary granules: MPO
Primary
116
Primary vs secondary granules: Collagenase
Secondary
117
Primary vs secondary granules: Lysozyme
Primary, secondary, and tertiary
118
Primary vs secondary granules: Elastase
Primary
119
Primary vs secondary granules: Lactoferin
Secondary
120
Half-life of neutrophils in circulation
4-6h
121
Half-life of neutrophils in tissue
1-2 days
122
Characteristic substance present in eosinophilic granules that are very toxic to parasites
MBP
123
Tissue basophils
Mast cells
124
Characteristic substance present in basophilic granules
Histamine
125
CD marker for macrophages/monocytes
CD68
126
2 mechanisms of destruction of phagocytosed material
1) O2-dependent
| 2) O2-independent
127
Most effective mechanism of destruction of phagocytosed material
O2-dependent
128
O2-dependent destruction of phagocytosed material is aka
Oxidative burst
129
WBCs that exhibit O2-independent killing of phagocytosed material
Macrophages/monocytes
130
Macrophage in skin and mucosa
Langerhans cells
131
Macrophage in placenta
Hoffbauer cell
132
Another name for tissue macrophages
Histiocytes
133
Half-life of monocytes in circulation
24-72 hrs
134
WBC: Source of multinucleate giant cells
Monocyte
135
WBC: Source of epitheloid cells
Monocyte
136
Population: T lymphocytes vs B lymphocytes
T
137
Secretions in serous inflammation is derived from
Mesothelial cells
138
Patterns of acute inflammation: Skin blister
Serous
139
Patterns of acute inflammation: Abscess
Suppurative
140
Patterns of acute inflammation: Bread and butter pericarditis
Fibrinous
141
Patterns of acute inflammation: Diphtheria infection
Membranous
142
Patterns of acute inflammation: Clostridium difficult infection
Membranous
143
Lipoxins: Stimulate vs inhibit chemotaxis
Inhibit
144
Proteins produced by inflammatory cells that play a role in inflammation
Cytokines
145
Small proteins that attract PMNs
Chemokines
146
Macrophages: Lymph nodes
Sinus histiocytes
147
Macrophages: Lungs
Dust cells
148
Macrophages: Connective tissue
Histiocytes
149
Macrophages: CNS
Microglial cells
150
Macrophages: Kidney
Intraglomerular mesangial cell
151
Macrophages: Bone
Osteoclast
152
Macrophages: Granuloma
Epitheloid histiocytes
153
Cellular sources of serotonin (2)
1) Platelets
| 2) Enterochromaffin cells
154
Vasoconstrictor and platelet activator in COX pathway
TXA2
155
PG mediator of pain and fever
PGE2
156
PG that decreases platelet aggregation
PGI2
157
Key component of kinin system
Bradykinin
158
Brought about by intensive deposition of collagen
Fibrosis
159
Vitamin required for hydroxylation of procollagen
Vitamin C
160
T/F Granuloma always has central necrosis
F
161
Proliferation of cells and tissues to replace lost structures
Regeneration
162
Process of tissue necrosis resulting from interference of blood supply
Infarction
163
Type of infarction that is sterile
Bland infarction
164
Caused by air embolism in chronic decompression sickness
Caisson disease
165
Embolus from venous to arterial circulation
Paradoxical embolus
166
Steps in primary hemostasis
1) Adhesion
2) Activation
3) Aggregation
167
Steps in secondary hemostasis
1) Thrombin formation
| 2) Stable fibrin clot formation
168
Virchow's triad
1) Stasis
2) Hypercoagulability
3) Blood vessel injury
169
Endotoxic shock: G+ vs G-
G-
170
AKA endotoxin
Bacterial wall LPS
171
A genetic locus on chromosome 6 that encodes for cell surface compatibility
MHC
172
MHC I vs MHC II: HLA A, B, C
MHC I
173
MHC I vs MHC II: Present in all nucleated cells and platelets
MHC I
174
Ig Class: Surface of B cells
IgD
175
Ig Class: Surface of mast cells
IgE
176
Ig Class: Immediate hypersenstivity
IgE
177
Ig Class: Crosses placental barrier
IgG
178
Ig Class: Pentamer
IgM
179
Ig Class: Dimer
IgA
180
Ig Class: Mucosal surface
IgA
181
Ig Class: Primary immune response
IgG
182
B cells are found in (2)
1) Superficial cortex of LN
| 2) White pulp of spleen
183
CD: Pre B cell
CD 10
184
CD: NK cells
CD18
185
MHC II/HLA disease associations: Lupus
DR2
186
MHC II/HLA disease associations: Multiple sclerosis
DR2
187
MHC II/HLA disease associations: Sjogren
DR3
188
MHC II/HLA disease associations: RA
DR4
189
MHC II/HLA disease associations: IDDM
DR3
190
MHC II/HLA disease associations: Graves
DR3
191
MHC II/HLA disease associations: Hashimoto
DR5
192
MHC II/HLA disease associations: Primary biliary cirrhosis
DR8
193
Complement factors that are anaphylatoxins
C3a, C5a
194
Type of hypersensitivity: Arthus reaction
Type III
195
Type of hypersensitivity: Fibrinoid necrosis of vessels
Type III
196
Type of hypersensitivity: Polyarteritis nodosa
Type III
197
Type of hypersensitivity: RA
Type IV
198
Type of hypersensitivity: Crohn
Type IV
199
Organ transplantation: Monozygotic twins
Syngeneic
200
Organ transplantation: Same species
Allogeneic
201
Organ transplantation: Different species
Xenogeneic
202
Hyperacute, acute. subacute, chronic: Rejection that produces arthus reaction with ag-ab mediated fibrinoid vasculitis
Hyperacute
203
Hyperacute, acute. subacute, chronic: Rejection characterised by cell-mediated or humorally mediated vasculitis
Acute
204
Hyperacute, acute. subacute, chronic: Rejection characterised by vasculitis with marked thickening of intima of blood vessels, fibroblast and myocyte proliferation and luminal narrowing
Subacute
205
GVHD most commonly occurs following what transplant
Non-autologous bone marrow
206
Organs most damaged in GVHD (4)
1) Liver
2) Spleen
3) Intestine
4) Skin
207
Hallmark of chronic inflammation
Tissue fibrosis
