Basic Science Concepts

Question 1

central nervous system

Answer 1

brain and spinal cord

Question 2

peripheralnervous system

Answer 2

somatic and autonomic

Question 3

somatic nervous system

Answer 3

voluntarily controls muscle movement

Question 4

autonomic nervous system

Answer 4

involuntary control of bodily functions

Question 5

neutrotransmitters

Answer 5

body’s chemical messengers (substrates/ligands)

Question 6

acetylcholine (ACh)

Answer 6

main NT of somatic nervous system
binds to nicotinic receptors (Nn) inskeletal muscles

Question 7

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 7

“rest and digest”
Ach binds to muscarinic receptors = SLUDD (salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, and digestion)

Question 8

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 8

“fight or flight”
Epi and NE to alpha-1, beta-1, beta-2
inc BP, HR, bronchodilation, pupil dilation, glucose production
dec salivation, urination, peristalsis

Question 9

substrate

Answer 9

binds to receptors
endogenous or exogenous

Question 10

agonist

Answer 10

binds to and activates a receptor

Question 11

antagonist

Answer 11

binds to and blocks receptor

Question 12

competitive inhibition

Answer 12

antagonist binds to same active site as endogenous substrate

Question 13

non-competitive inhibition

Answer 13

antagonist binds to allosteric sites = change shape of active site

Question 14

isoproterenol

Answer 14

mixed beta-1 and beta-2 agonist
used for bradycardia and causes bronchodilation

Question 15

carvedilol

Answer 15

inhibits alpha-1, beta-1, and beta-2
peripheral vasodilation and dec HR
can cause bronchoconstriction

Question 16

vasopressors

Answer 16

stimulate multi receptors (like a-1 and b-1) to inc vasoconstriction, HR, BP

Question 17

clonidine

Answer 17

centrally acting alpha-2 agonist = dec sympathetic output = dec BP and HR

Question 18

muscarinic agonist

Answer 18

acetylcholine
inc SLUDD

Question 19

muscarinic drug agonists

Answer 19

pilocarpine
bethanechol

Question 20

muscarinic drug antagonists

Answer 20

atropine
oxybutynin

Question 21

nicotinic receptor agonist

Answer 21

acetylcholine
inc HR, BP

Question 22

nicotinic drug agonists

Answer 22

nicotine

Question 23

nicotinic antagonist

Answer 23

neuromuscular blockade

Question 24

nicotinic drug antagonists

Answer 24

neuromuscular blockers (rocuronium)

Question 25

alpha-1 (mostly peripheral) agonist

Answer 25

epinephrine, NE smooth muscle vasoconstriction, inc BP

Question 26

alpha-1 (mostly peripheral) drug agonist

Answer 26

phenylephrine dopamine (dose-dependent)

Question 27

alpha-1 drug antagonists

Answer 27

alpha-1 blockers doxazosin carvedilol phentolamine

Question 28

alpha-2 (mainly central) agonist

Answer 28

epinephrine, NE dec E and NE release dec BP, HR

Question 29

alpha-2 drug agonists

Answer 29

clonidine brimonidine (opthalmic, for glaucoma)

Question 30

alpha-2 drug antagonists

Answer 30

ergot alkaloids yohimbine

Question 31

beta-1 (mainly heart) agonist

Answer 31

epinephrine, NE inc myocardial contractility, CO, HR

Question 32

beta-1 (mainly heart) drug agonists

Answer 32

dobutamine isoproterenol dopamine (dose-dependent)

Question 33

beta-1 drug antagonists

Answer 33

beta-1 selective blocker (metoprolol, atenolol, bisoprolol, nebivolol etc non-selective beta-blockers (propranolol, carvedilol, etc)

Question 34

beta-2 (mainly lungs) agonists

Answer 34

epinephrine bronchodilation

Question 35

beta-2 drug agonists

Answer 35

albuterol terbutaline isoproterenol

Question 36

beta-2 drug antagonists

Answer 36

non-selective antagonists (propranolol, carvedilol, etc.

Question 37

dopamine agonist

Answer 37

dopamine renal, cardiac, and CNS effects

Question 38

dopamine drug agonists

Answer 38

Levodopa pramipexole

Question 39

dopamine drug antagonists

Answer 39

first-generation antipsychotics (haloperidol) metoclopramide

Question 40

serotonin agonsit

Answer 40

serotonin platelet, GI, psychiatric effects

Question 41

serotonin drug agonists

Answer 41

triptan

Question 42

serotonin drug antagonists

Answer 42

ondansetron second-generation antipsychotics (quetiapine, etc)

Question 43

enzymes

Answer 43

speed up reaction

Question 44

acetylcholinesterase

Answer 44

inhibitor: examples: AChi - donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine inc ACh levels used for Alzheimer's

Question 45

ACE

Answer 45

convert Angio I to II (potent vasoconstrictor) inhibitor examples: lisinopril, etc. dec vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion used to treat HTN, HF, kidney disease

Question 46

Catechol-O-methylltransferase (COMT)

Answer 46

breaks down levodopa inhibit = inc COMT = less peripheral breakdown of levodopa inhibitor example: entacapone used for Parkinson's

Question 47

cyclooxygenase (COX)

Answer 47

arachidonic acid to prostaglandins = inflammation and to thromboxane A2 = platelet aggregation inhibitor examples: NSAIDs - ASA, ibuprofen inhibitors

Question 48

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

Answer 48

breaks doen catecholamines (DA, NE, Epi, 5-HT) inhibitor examples: phenelzine, tranylcypromine, isocarboxazid, selegiline, rasagiline, methylene blue, linezolid block = inc catecholamines = treat depression if inc too much = toxic (HTN crisis, SS)

Question 49

phosphodiesterase (PDE)

Answer 49

breakdown cGMP (smooth muscle relaxant) inhibitor examples: sildenafil, tadalafil competitively bind = inc cGMP = smooth muscle relaxation used for ED

Question 50

vitamin K epixoide reductase

Answer 50

converts vit K to active form = produce clotting factors inhibitor examples: warfarin inhibit = dec production of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X used to treat/prevent clots

Question 51

xanthine oxidase

Answer 51

breaks down hypoxanthine and xanthine into uric acid inhibitor examples: allopurinol dec uric acid production by inhibiting = prevent gout attacks

Question 52

MAOI interacts = HTN crisis, tachycardia, agitation, death

Answer 52

when combined with food/drugs that inc catecholamines examples: bupropion, SNRIs, TCAs, stimulants, levodopa, linezolid, methylene blue, tyramine from food

Question 53

MAO interacts = serotonin syndrome (tremor, akathesia, clonus, hyperthermia, sweating)

Answer 53

other drugs that inc 5-HT SSRI, SNRI, TCA, mirtazapine, trazodone, triptans, opioids, tramadol, buspirone, lithium, dextromethorphan, St. John's wort