BC - unit 3 Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
___ are from ‘carbon’ and water’ (hydro)
A
carbohydrates
2
Q
the ration of H to 0 in carbs is __:___
A
2:1
3
Q
carbs are either ___ or ___ with many ___ groups
A
aldehydes
ketones
alcohol
4
Q
____: carbs that cannot be further hydrolyzed by digestive enzymes
A
monosaccharides
5
Q
___: each molecule can be hydrolyzed into two monosaccharides
A
disaccharides
6
Q
disaccharides can be hydolyzed to two monosaccharides by ___
A
disaccharidase
7
Q
____: polymers of 3+ monosaccharide residues
A
polysaccharides
8
Q
____: less than 6 monosaccharide units
A
oligosacharide
9
Q
____ ___ ___: additional functional groups or modifications added to carbs backbone
A
derivatives of carbs
10
Q
aldoses: three carbon carbs
A
glyceraldehyde
glycerose
11
Q
ketoses: 3 carbon carbs
A
dihydroxyacetone
12
Q
3 carbon carbs are also called ___
A
trioses
13
Q
4 carbon carbs are also called ___
A
tetroses
14
Q
aldoses: 4 carbon carbs
A
erythrose
15
Q
ketoses: 4 carbon carbs
A
erythrulose
16
Q
5 carbon carbs are also called ___
A
pentoses
17
Q
aldoses: 5 carbon carbs
A
ribose
xylose
2’ - deoxyribose
18
Q
ketoses: 5 carbon carbs
A
ribulose
xylulose
19
Q
6 carbon carbs are also called ____
A
hexoses
20
Q
aldoses: 6 carbon carbs
A
glucose
galactose
21
Q
ketoses: 6 carbon carbs
A
fructose
22
Q
galactose turns into ___
A
glucose
23
Q
aldoses are ___ and ___
A
aldehyde
sugar
24
Q
ketoses are ___ and ___
A
ketones
sugar
25
a downward bond is an ___ bond
alpha
26
an upward bond is a ___ bone
beta
27
___: -OH can spin around and become an alpha or beta bond
mutarotation
28
___ ring: 5 carbon ring with an O
furan
29
monomers of maltose
dimer of glucose
| "glucan"
30
___ is a polymer of glucoses
glucan
31
bonds of maltose
alpha 1-4
32
maltose is hydrolyzed by ___
maltase
33
maltase is located in the ___ ___ of the small intestine to break down to a monosaccharide
brush border
34
monomers of sucrose
glucose
| fructose
35
bonds of sucrose
alpha 1-2
36
sucrose is hydrolyzed by ___, which is also known as ___
sucrase
| invertase
37
____ sugar: is a sugar that when light hits is it rotates the other way when broken down to a monosaccharide
invert
38
monomers of lactose
glucose
| galactose
39
bonds of lactose
beta 1-4
40
lactose is hydrolyzed by ___
lactase
41
monomer of cellobiose
dimer of D- glucose (like maltose)
42
bonds of cellobiose
beta 1-4
43
cellobiose is hydrolyzed by ___
cellulase
44
2 starches in plants
amylose
| amylopectin
45
monomers of amylose
polymer of glucose
46
bonds of amylose
alpha 1-4
47
amylose hydrolyzed by ____-____
alpha amylase
48
monomers of amylopectin
polymer of glucose with branches every 12 bonds
49
branches in the chain of starch make it easier to ___
| has more available ____
break
| ends
50
bonds of amylopectin
alpha 1-4
| alpha 1-6 on the branches
51
amylopectin is hydrolyzed by ____-____
alpha - amylase
52
alpha amylase breaks down amylose and amylopectin into 3 things
glucose
maltose
isomaltose
53
carb of animals
glycogen
54
monomers of glycogen
glucose with branch every 8 bonds
55
glycogens branches every 8 bonds allows for more free ends and is ___ ___
tightly packed
56
animals store glycogen in the ____ and __
muscles
| liver
57
2 types of bonds of glycogen
alpha 1-4
| alpha 1-6 at the branches
58
glycogen is hydrolyzed by ___-____
alpha amylase
59
monomer of inulin
fructose
60
inulin is found in roots and tubers of ___, ____ and ____
lotus
artichokes
dandilions
61
monomer of dextrins
glucose
62
dextrins are used commercially in ___ ___
sports drinks
63
dietary fibers are a mixtures of ___ and ___-____
polysaccharides
| non-carbs
64
cellulose is a ___ ____
dietary fiber
65
cellulose is used for ___ and ____ ____
paper
| paper products
66
cellulose have ___-____ bonds
beta 1-4
67
cellulose is made from __-____ ___
d glucose glycan
68
hemicellulose is made from __-__ with side chains of ____ acid and ___
d xylose
4-O-methylglucuronic acid
arbinose
69
___ is always the sugar present in the largest amound
xylose
70
__ is crystalline, strong and resistant to hydrolysis
cellulose
71
___ has a random, amorphous structure with little strength
hemicellulose
72
pectin is a polymer of ___ ___
galacturonic acid
73
pectin joins ___ cells together
plant
74
fungus enzymes break down __ in fruit, the fruit gets soft and mushy
pectin
75
jams and jellies are ___ with pectin. pectin binds ____, keeping products from ___ ___
thickened
water
drying out
76
pectin is ___ ___ and is considered a ___ dietary fiber
not digested
| beneficial
77
lignin is a polymer of ___ ___
methoxy phenols
78
methoxy phenols have an ___
odor
79
mucilage is a mixture of ___ and ____ ____
galactan
| sugar acids
80
galactan is a polymer of ___
galactose
81
mucilage is found in ___, ___ ___ and __
seeds
seed coats
seaweeds
82
extensin is the major example in dietary fibers and are __
glycoproteins
83
phytic acid is an example of a ___ ___
sugar phosphate
84
___ __ is often used in biological systems to store or transfer energy
phytic acid
85
important sugar phosphate is ____-__-___
glucose-6-phosphate
86
waxes are ___ of fatty acids and mono hydroxyl alcohols
esters
87
esters are a condensation of __ and ___ __
alcohol
| carboxylic acid
88
trace minerals are ionically bonded to ___ ___ or ___ ___ of dietary fibers
sugar acids
| phytic acids
89
____: formed from the reduction of carbohydrates
polyols
90
polyols are many ___
alcohols
91
glucose is reduced to ____
sorbitol
92
fructose is reduced to ___ or ___
sorbitol
| mannitol
93
mannose is reduced to ___
mannitol
94
glucose is a _ carbon ___
6
| aldehyde
95
fructose is a __ carbon ___
6
| ketone
96
mannose is a ___ carbon ___
6
| aldehyde
97
galactose is reduced to ___
galactitol
98
xylose is reduced to ___
xylitol
99
dihydroxyacetone is reduced to ___
glycerol
100
mannitol, xylitol, sorbital are all ___
sweeteners
101
sorbitol and galactitol are synthesized in ___ epithelium, ___ nerves, seminal vesicles and kidneys
lens
| peripheral
102
___ ___: formed with the oxidation of carbs
sugar acids
103
___ ___: carbs with an amine structure
amino sugars
104
_____: polymers of carbohydrate derivatives
glycosaminoglycans
105
hyaluronic acid is a ____
glycosaminoglycan
106
hyaluronic acid is used for joint ____ and is a component of __ ___ of eyes
lubrication
| vitreous humor
107
chondroitin sulfate is a ____ and is a component of ___, ___ and other ___
glycosaminoglycans
bone
cartilage
CT
108
heparin sulfate is a ____ that is an ____ ___ and binds ___ to alter their function
glycosaminoglycan
endogenous anticoagulant
protein
109
polydactomy
too many fingers or toes
110
____: when glycoaminoglycans are attached to proteins
proteoglycans
111
GAG
glycoaminoglycans
112
____, ___, __ are the major consituents of hyaline cartilage and the nucleus pulposus
collagen
water
proteoglycans
113
___ ___: dense CT that forms the load bearing surfaces of synovial jts
articular cartilage
114
what percent of articular cartilage is preoteoglycans?
4-7
115
____: proteins with attached oligosaccharides
glycoproteins
116
key examples of glycoproteins
antibodies
| intrinsic factor
117
intrinsic factor required for vitamin ____ absorption
B12
118
____: proteins with GAGs attached
proteoglycans
119
___: small peptides with attached GAS
peptidoglycans
120
_____: polysaccharides with fatty acid attached
lipopolysaccharides
121
___: comprised of galactose, mannose, rhamnose, and N-acetoglucosamine
heteropolysaccharides
122
3 examples of furanose
fructose
alpha fructofuranose
beta fructofuranose
123
3 examples of pyranose
glucose
alpha glucopyranose
beta glucopyranose
124
____ ____: same molecular formula, but different structural formulas and properties
structural isomers
125
___: same molecular formula, same structural formula, same atom attached to the same carbon, BUT different spatial arrangement with different properties
stereoisomers
126
__ and __ ___: fxl groups on 2nd to last face L or R
D and L isomers
127
___-___ anomers: the -OH of the anomeric carbon lies above or below the plane of the ring
alpha beta anomers
128
stereoisomers
| ___: spatieal arrangement of side chains
epimers
129
steroisomers
| __ ___: physical property resulting from D and L isomers and alpha and beta isomers
optical isomers
130
____ mixture: 50:50 mixture of d and l forms of a compound
racemic
131
L/D=
structure
132
l/d=
experimental
133
reducing sugars have a free ____ or ____ group
aldehyde
| ketone
134
reducing sugars act as ___
reductants
135
reducing sugars get ___ by acquiring an ___
oxidized
| oxygen
136
reducing sugars become ___
acids
137
3 examples of reducing sugars
glucose
galactose
fructose
138
___ reaction: add silver reagent... if Ag precipitates and lines the reaction vessel then it was a reducing sugar
Tollen's
139
____ or ____ reaction: copper oxide precipitates and turns a bluish color
fehlings
| benedicts
140
if tollens test is negative then ___-___ ___
non-reducing sugars
141
phosphorilation of sugars comes from ___
ATP
142
phosphorilation of sugars requires specific enzyme "___"
kinases
143
___: all enzymes that phosphorilates things
kinases
144
phosphorilation of sugars ____ the sugar by making it recognizable to subsequent enzymes for metabolism.
activates
145
phosphorilation of sugars makes the molecule more ___ charged and ___ it from leaving the cell
negative
| prevents
