BDCS Flashcards

(116 cards)

1
Q

Ahwahnee Principles

A

collective vision of how urban and suburban planning should follow certain fundamental principals regarding community size, integration, transportation, open space, pedestrian paths, native vegetation, water and energy use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
Winds:
Basic speed
Unnoticeable
Pleasant
Pleasant & noticeable
Drafty
Uncomfortable
A
70 - 80 miles/hour
<50 feet/minute
50 - 100 ft / min
100 - 200 ft / min
200 - 300 ft / min
\+ 300 ft / min
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
Noise:
sleeping / studying
Conversation, comfort
safety threshold
rock band!
A

30 decibels
50 - 60 decibels
85 decibels
90-100 decibels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

simple beam

A

rests on a support at each end and ends are free to rotate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cantilever beam

A

supported at one end and restrained from rotation at that end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

overhanging beam

A

rests on 2+ supports and has one or both ends cantilevered beyond the support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gage line

A

standard dimension from corner edge of an angle to centerline of bold holes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ductility

A

can deform and return to original shape / bends before it breaks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

one-way concrete joist system

A

pan joists
prefab metal pan forms are used to create frame to support light/medium loads
spans of 20’-30’, depth 1’-2’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

two-way concrete joist system

A

typically used in rectangular bays where distance between columns is equal (or close to) in both directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

flat plate system

A

two-way slab with no supporting beams, only columns
reinforced slab spans in both directions directly into columns at 25’ with 6”-12” thickness
used for light loads, short spans, when floor-to-floor height must be minimized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

drop panel system

A

like flat plate system but the slab thickness is increased around the columns for greater shear failure resistance
used with greater live loads or larger spans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

typical arch spans
wood
concrete
steel

A

wood: 50’ - 240’
concrete: 20’ - 320’
steel: 50’ - 500’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

trusses:
typical depth-to-span ratios
typical spans & spacing

A

depth-to-span ratios: 1:10 to 1:20

spans: 40’ - 200’
spacing: 10’ - 40’ o.c.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

construction weight / floor
Timber
Steel
Concrete/masonry

A

Timber: 7-10 lbs/sf
Steel: 15-20 lbs/sf
Concrete/Masonry: 150-200 lbs / sf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Concept Model

A

methodology for measuring the embodied energy in historic buildings

a planning approach where various building types are given embodied energy values based on the square footage. Gives a rough estimate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Inventory Model

A

methodology for measuring the embodied energy in historic buildings

Uses an accurate accounting of the material used in construction. Is more accurate than the concept model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Survey Model

A

methodology for measuring the embodied energy in historic buildings

assumes that most of the embodied energy in a building is contained in the bulk of the architectural materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

halftimbering

A

braced wall framing exposed on the face of the building where the space between the timbers was filled with brickwork or wattle and daub

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

NESHAP

A

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

EPA regulation that dictates requirements of ACM removal before remodel/demo in order to prevent significant asbestos release into the air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

AHERA

A

Asbestos Hazards Emergency Response Act

EPA regulation that handles asbestos found in k-12 schools, and requires that all facilities be inspected to determine the presence of amount of asbestos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

types of fires

A

Type A: wood, paper, plastic, cloth
Type B: flammable liquids, grease, gas
Type C: Electrical
Type D: Combustable metal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Types of fire extinguishers

A

Water extinguisher - class A fires
CO2 extinguisher - class B fires
ABC extinguisher - Class A, B, or C fires
K extinguisher - Class B fires (cooking oil)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Biophilia

A

the connections that humans subconsciously seek with the rest of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Retrocomissioning
systematic investigation process applied to existing buildings to improve and optimize operating / maintenance
26
organic feedstock
something organic (wood fiber, paper, cotton, ect) that mold can use as an energy source. mold cannot eat inorganic materials
27
U-factor
measure of heat transmission low U-value = slow heat loss (brick wall) high U-value = rapid heat loss or gain (window)
28
R-value
measure of thermal resistance in a component | opposite the U-value
29
thermal inertia
ability of a material to store heat (concrete/masonry walls store heat in an arid climate and release slowly at night)
30
Area of Refuge
a location designed to hold occupants when evacuation is not safe or possible. Has a steady supply of outside air, passive fire protection, electrical integrity/emergency lighting, two way communication/call box to 24 hr manned, or outside line
31
Fire Walls
walls that divide a single building into two or more "buildings", if either side collapses the wall will not for the duration of its rating
32
Fire Barriers
make up rated assemblies/enclosures (e.g. shafts, exit enclosures, exit passageways, horizontal exits, atrium, mixed use occupancy separation)
33
shaft enclosures
openings through floors/ceilings connecting adjacent floors. 1 hour rated when connecting less than 4 stories. or 2 hour if passing through a 2 hour floor assembly or if connecting 4 or more stories
34
Fire Partition
demising walls separating tenants, residential units, corridor walls
35
Smoke Barrier
used as required to prevent the movement of smoke, have a 1 hour fire resistance rating
36
Smoke Partition
like a smoke barrier, but does not have to resist fire
37
corbel
a projection of brick jutting out from a wall to support a structure above it
38
point
filling joints to the face with mortar and tooling them to the desired profile
39
needle beam
a temporary member thrust under a building or foundation used in underpinning
40
retempering mortar is safe within what time frame?
if mortar is mixed less than 90 minutes prior to its stiffening it has only dried and a mason can safely retemper with water to make it workable again (note the case with concrete)
41
when to discard mortar?
mortar older than 2 1/2 hours must be discarded because it has begun to hydrate and can't be retempered without reducing its final strength
42
Mortar
made of portland cement, hydrated lime, inert aggregate (sand), and water
43
common brick size
8 x 3 5/8 x 2 1/4
44
when are mortar joints in brickwork tooled?
1 - 2 hours after laying as the mortar begins to harden
45
igneous rock
rock that was deposited in a molten state | granite, basalt
46
sedimentary rock
deposited by the action of water and wind | limestone, sandstone, brownstone
47
metamorphic rock
formerly either igneous or sedimentary rock transformed by heat or pressure marble, soapstone, slate
48
cramp anchors
used under coping stones at vertical joints to tie 2 stones together
49
pin anchor
anchor placed into a drilled hole and a pin is hammered in
50
threaded dowel
used at vertical / horizontal joints between panels to align and maintain distance between panel and backup structure
51
dovetail anchor
splayed tenon that fits into the recess of a corresponding mortise
52
weep hole locations
24" apart in brick | 32" apart in CMU
53
internal (concealed) flashing
turned up 6" - 9" at the interior face of the wall | should penetrate at least 2" into the interior wythe
54
flashing materials
sheet metal, plastic, elastomeric compounds, composite material sheet metal is the most durable and most expensive copper and stainless steel is best galvanized steel eventually rusts and disintegrates aluminum and lead are unsuitable because they react chemically with mortar plastics are least expensive - some good, some bad
55
surface divider joints
must be provided to avoid excessive buildup of forces that could crack or spall the masonry
56
abutment / construction / isolation joints
placed at junctions between masonry and other materials, or between old and new masonry to accommodate differences in movement
57
Parge
below grade, masonry should be parged or plastered on the outside with two coats of Type M mortar to seal cracks and pores
58
bulb tee
a steel reinforcing member used when constructing pre-stressed, poured gypsum deck. when the gypsum is poured, it surrounds the bulb-tee
59
primary type of steel used for structural purposes
ASTM A36
60
less expensive steels used with scraps / recycled content
ASTM A572, ASTM A992
61
structural shapes
W: wide flange W 12x 36 = nomical depth in inches x weight per foot of length in lbs S: American standard L: angle C: channel WT: structural tee
62
intumescent paint
thin coatings - expand when exposed to fire to form a thick, stable char that insulates from heat
63
castellated beam
beam produced by cutting the web of wide flange along a zigzag, then reassembling the beam by welding its two half point to point, increasing its depth without inscreasing the length
64
plate girders
custom designed and fabricated for long span beams steel plates and angles are assembled by bolting or welding in such a way as to put the steel where it is needed for the required loads
65
stud framing spacing
``` wood = 16" o.c. metal = 24" o.c. ```
66
chambered
steel beams and girders are curved slightly upward so they will deflect in a straight line once loads are applied on site
67
lamella
a thin finished top layer of an engineered wooden floor
68
plainsawed
most lumber intended for use in building framing maximum yield of lumber from a log pieces distort differently during seasoning
69
quartersawn
wood that will be seen in finish applications produce lumber that have annual rings running nearly perpendicular to the face of the piece boards tend to remain flat
70
freewater
water held in the cavities of the cells | reduces water content to 26%-32% moisture
71
bound water
water held in within the cellulose of the cell walls, wood starts to shrink at this point and the strength and stiffness of the wood begins to increase
72
longitudinal shrinkage
shrinkage along length of the long is negligible
73
radial shrinkage
shrinkage in the radial direction is very large by comparison
74
tangental shrinkage
shrinkage around the circumference of the log is about half again greater than the railed shrinkage
75
natural wood defects
knots and knotholes insect damage decay
76
manufacturing wood defects
splits and checks wane crooks, cups, bows and twists
77
stronger, more expensive wood species | used for highly stressed major members
Douglas Fir
78
weaker cheaper wood species used for structure
Eastern Hemlock
79
board feet =
(cross section area / 12) x length ex. 10 foot long 2 x 4 (2 x 4 / 12) x 10 = 6/67 board feet
80
LVL
laminated veneer lumber uses the veneers in sheets and looks like thick plywood with no crossbands stronger, straighter, and more uniform than conventional lumber
81
waferboard
large wafer like flakes of wood compressed and bonded into panels - largely replaced by OSB
82
particleboard
smaller wood particles compressed and bonded into panels and used as a base material for cabinets or underlayment for resilient flooring
83
fiberboard
very fine grained board amide of wood fibers and synthetic resin binders used in cabinets, furniture, moldings MDF (medium density fiberboard)
84
exposure durability classification | Exterior
suitable for use as siding or other permanently exposed applications
85
exposure durability classification | Exposure 1
have fully waterproof glue but don't have veneers of as high a quality as exterior. can be used for structural sheathing and subflooring 95% of structural panel products are exposure 1
86
exposure durability classification | Exposure 2
suitable for panels that will be fully protected from weather and will be subjected to a minimum of wetting during construction
87
nails for Western Red Cedar
Hot dipped galvanized, aluminum, and stainless steel (best option) all others can rust and disintegrate and react with the oils present in the cedar
88
carriage bolts
round headed bolt used for timber, threaded along the shank and inserted into holes already drilled
89
lag bolts
heavy woodscrew with a square or hexagonal head that is driven in with a wrench
90
split ring connector
high capacity connectors used in heavily loaded joints of timber frames and trusses spreads the load across a much greater area of wood
91
toothed plates
used in factory produced lightweight roof and floor trusses, inserted with hydraulic presses or mechanical rollers, and act as metal splice plates each with a very large number of built-in nails
92
framed panel
a section of framing about 4' wide, sheathed with a sheet of plywood, OSB, or waferboard
93
stressed skin panel
faces are bonded with adhesive to thin wood spacers to form a structural unit
94
sandwich panel
functions the same as a stressed skin panel but are bonded to a core of foam insulation instead of wood spacers
95
headers / Rim joists / Band joists
crosspieces at the ends of joists
96
sole plate
cross piece at the bottom of a wall in wood light frame construction
97
top plate
cross piece at the top of a wall in wood light frame construction
98
ridge board
peak where rafters are headed off in wood light frame construction
99
tarpaper
acts as an air barrier and backup waterproofing layer allows water vapor to pass freely so that it doesn't accumulate on the wall
100
housewraps (Tyvek)
airtight, vapor permeable papers made of synthetic fibers are stapled to sheathing in as large of sheets as possible to minimize seams.
101
bush hammering
process of creating a rough, pockmarked texture on concrete or stone that resembles naturally weathered rock
102
``` cement established by ASTM Type I Type IA Type II Type IIA Type III Type IIIA Type IV Type V ```
Type 1 - normal (used for most construction) Type 1A - normal, air entraining Type II - moderate resistance to sulfate attack Type IIA - moderate resistance, air entraining Type III - high early strength Type IIIA - high early strength, air entraining Type IV - low heat of hydration (massive structures, dams) Type V - high resistance to sulfate attack (used when in contact with water with high concentration of sulfates)
103
air entrained cements
contain ingredients that cause microscopic air bubbles to form in the concrete during mixing which give improved workability during placement, and greatly increases the resistance of the cured concrete to damage caused by repeated cycles of freezing and thawing used for paving and exposed concrete in cold climates
104
water reducing admixtures
allow a reduction in the amount of mixing water while retaining the same workability, results in a higher strength concrete
105
high range water reducing admixtures (superplasticizers)
organic compounds that transform a stiff concrete mix into one that flows freely into forms, used to help place concrete in challenging circumstances, or to reduce the water content in a mix in order to increase strength
106
accelerating admixtures
cause concrete to cure more rapidly
107
fly ash
a fine powder that's a waste product from coal-fired power plants, which increases concrete strength, decreases permeability, increases sulfate resistance, reduces temperature rise during curing, reduces mixing water, improves workability
108
silica fume (microsilica)
a powder 100x finer than portland cement, a byproduct of electronic semiconductor chip manufacturing that when added produces extremely high strength and low permeability
109
blast furnace slag
byproduct of iron manufacture that improves workability, increases strength, reduces permeability, reduce temperature rise during curing, and improve sulfate resistance
110
corrosion inhibitors
used to reduce rusting of rebar in structures that are exposed to road deicing salts or other corrosion causing chemicals
111
absolute water cement ratio
0.60 - the weight of water shouldn't be more than 60% of the weight of the portlant cement
112
concrete must be kept moist until
its required drying strength is achieved
113
column tied
bands are wired at required spacing and used for square, circular or rectangular columns. generally more affordable than column spirals
114
column spirals
shipped to the construction site as tight coils that are expanded accordion style to the required spacing and wired to the vertical bars
115
shotcrete
concrete sprayed into place pneumatically and used primarily for repairing damaged concrete on the faces of beams / columns
116
precast concrete floor and roof slabs
solid flat spans hollow core slabs double tees and single tees manufactured with a rough top and 2" topping slab is poured to unify finish and help elements act together