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BE exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands to bloodstream
- affect behavior by changing cellular function
-rooted in natural selection
- not too much not too little

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2
Q

castration

A

aristotle- noticed castrated males lack certain characteristics
- eunuchs: castrated men employed to guard royal women
-castrati- name of castrated boys for keeping voice quality- alessandro moreschi

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3
Q

first experiment in endocriniology

A

prof. arnold a berthold (1839)
- found sex differences are structural annd behavioral- rooster, hen, cockrel
- cockrels undergoing castration grew without combs and wattles, fail to crow, mate, fight

  1. testes are transplantable
  2. transplanted testes are functional
  3. nerve input not necessary
  4. testes secrete substance carried to blood
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4
Q

testosterone

A

secretory blood borne product now called hormone, secreted from testes

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5
Q

hormonal systems

A

travel through blood stream to diff parts of body- takes longer
- needs receptors

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6
Q

neurotransmitter systems

A

travel through synaptic cleft to other neurons- much faster

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7
Q

individual differences

A
  • hormone concentrations
    -patterns and timing of hormone release
  • numbers and locations of receptors
  • efficiency of those receptors in triggering signal transduction pathways, affecting gene transcription
    -non genomic effects
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8
Q

behavior description

A
  • description of actions and consequences
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9
Q

levels of behavioral analysis

A

Niko Tinbergen
- physiological: immediate cause or physiological mechanism
- developmental: how does behavior change within life span/prenatal stage
- evolution: why does behavior occur
- adaptive/function: what is purpose of behavior

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10
Q

range of behaviors

A

trivial behaviors, relevant behaviors

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11
Q

ablation/lesion and replacement

A

-ablation: removal of tissue that may be source of hormones
- lesions: cuts in the brain
- observe effects of removal tissues
- replacement: inject hormone back
-observe if effects are reversed

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12
Q

radioimmunoassay

A

Rosalyn Yalow
- purified sample of hormone radioactively labeled and added to test tube of antibodies specific to hormone
- sample tested added w unlabeled hormone and labeled hormones r displaced
- process repeated to create concentration standard curve
- used to determine concentration of hormone

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13
Q

enzymoimmunoassay

A

uses chromagen instead of radioactivity to determine concentration of antigens
- used in pregnancy tests
- uses color to determine hormone concentration

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14
Q

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

A

determines concentration of antigens
- bread- antibodies
-meat- sample
- capture antibody, antigen, detect antibody, enzyme-linked secondary antibody, substrate added and converted to detectable form
- concentration of antigen directly proportional to color intensity

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15
Q

immunocytohistochemistry

A

determines location of hormone or receptor
- looks for proteins/peptides in tissue
- antigen to primary antibody to secondary antibody to flourescent enzyme lable
- can visualize hormone receptor by counting cells with flourescent label

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16
Q

receptor autoradiography

A

determine location of receptors
-inject rat with radioactive hormone and kill it 1-2 hours later
- look at slides of tissue.to see receptors with emulsions and counterstain

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17
Q

western/southern/northern blots

A

uses gel electrophoresis
- separated proteins/dna/rna is transferred to gel surface
-western: protein
- southern: dna
-northern: rna

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18
Q

in situ hybridization

A

localization of nucleic acid in slides
-prepare radioactive prove complementary to mRNA sequence to be measured
- section brain and incubate in probe for hours to develop with photo emulsion

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19
Q

agonist

A

mimics naturally occuring chemical, capable of binding and activating target

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20
Q

antagonist

A

capable of binding and stopping other molecules from binding and activating target

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21
Q

cannulation

A

putting metal tube to inject chemicals into brain
- stereotaxic apparatus to hold subject still
- localizes cause of behavior

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22
Q

tract tracing

A

can locate neuronal connections
- anterograde: trace from soma to axond terminal
- retrograde: trace from axon terminal to soma

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23
Q

CT scan

A

x-rays create images
- structural

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24
Q

MRI

A

magnetic field creates images
- structural

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25
PET scan
uses radioactive substances with CT scan to determine where it is being used in a scan - functional
26
fMRI
looks at blood flow to determine which brain region is being used - functional
27
knockout
genetic manipulation - insert inactive version of gene in embryo so entire organism can not express it - behavioral comparison of wild type (all proteins working) vs heterozygots (half) vs homozygous (all KO) -problem: inactivating gene during development can cause the organism to compensate thru other abnormal mechanisms - solution: conditional knockout- can control when or where gene is KO
28
gene silencing
rna interference where gene regulatory mechanism inhibits transcription or translation of desired proteins - used in knock out
29
CRISPR/Cas9 tool
Jennifer Doudna genetic manipulation DNA editing tool to make site specific genet and epigenetic modifications 1. endonuclease Cas protein cuts DNA, 2. guided by single RNA -used to create KO -can alter genomic dna
30
gene transfection
genetic manipulation viral vectors or bacterial plasmids that add DNA/RNA to cells so they can be transcribed and translated
31
gene array/microarray
genetic manipulation looks for genes associated with behaviors - info provided abt thousands of genes simultaneously
32
RNA sequencing
genetic manipulation determine amount of all diff types of RNA in given moment - reads sequences and determine which genes are being expressed -mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
33
optogenetics
genetic manipulation use light to activate light activated ion gates to enhance or inhibit behavior
34
DREADDs
genetic manipulation designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs - identifies circuitry and cellular signals that specify behavior, perceptions, emotions, innate drives and motor function - use a drug to inject to activate or inhibit circuit - non invasive, remote activation, implant required
35
microdialysis
genetic manipulation determines concentration of hormones -assesses responses to neurotransmitters, drugs, hormones, in freely moving animal
36
electrical stimulation
genetic manipulation - increase or decrease behavior and recording to measure neural activity
37
hormone action
chemical messengers, synthesized by glands, transported by blood, act via receptors, induce changes to cellular function - gland- hormone- target- effect
38
intracrine
communication within the cell
39
autocrine
comunication on own cell surface, products released onto secreting cell
40
paracrine
communication between cells, adjacent cells
41
endocrine
communication with distant target cells, released in blood (ductless)
42
ectocrine
communication between animals, released into environment
43
exocrine
products released via ducts - sweat, salivary, mammary, pancreas
44
peptide hormones
embedded on membrane - sequence of amino acids made up of peptide bonds - polar/hydrophilic: can travel thru blood without carrier protein -binds to recepters on cell membrane of target cells - cannot get thru cell membrane -transduction thru G-coupled protein receptors -signal amplification -can be synthesized and stored in vescicles
45
peptide synthesis
1. ribosomes bind w mRNA to create peptide chain - preprohormone: first product of translation, signal peptide, prohormone, and inactive sequence 2. signal sequence directs chain to ET lumen: enzymes cleave signal sequence off creating prohormone 3. prohormone goes to golgi complex 4. secretory vesicles carry prohormone: enzyme in secretory vesicles cut up prohormone into several peptides 5. exocytosis out of the cell - transports to blood for signal transduction on membrane receptors
46
peptide hormones
released from hypothalamus: - corticotropin releasing -gonadotropin releaing -gonadotropin inhibiting -growth hormone releasing -growth hormone inhibiting/somatostatin -thyrotropin releasing released from anterior pituitary - thyroid stimulating -follicle stimulating -luteinizing -growth hormone -prolactin -adrenocorticotropic hormone released from posterior pituitary - vasopressin/antidiuretic -oxytocin - both are nonapeptides released from pancreas - insulin -glucagon -somatostatin released from ovary - inhibin activin relaxin released from testes - inhibin -activin -mullerian inhibiting
47
monoamines
released from medulla derived from 1 amino acid -1. catecholamines: dopamine, epinephrine, norephinephrine- from adrenal to medulla -2 indolamines: melatonin in pineal gland, serotonin - 3 thyroid hormones: thryroxine T3, triiodothyronine T4
48
thryoid hormones
help regulate metabolism - fat-soluble, hydrophobic - need carrier proteins in blood - bind to intracellular recelptors in target cells - can go through cell membrane since lipophilic - dipeptide structure
49
steroid hormones
structure: 3 cyclohexane rings, 1 cyclopentane ring, 2 hydroxyl group - derived from cholestorol - lipophilic, hydrophobic: requires carrier protein to travel thru blood (albumin) - bind to intracellular receptors on or on membrane - synthesized and immediately released - are not stored, dont need exocytosis
50
types of steroid hormones
released from adrenal cortex - mineralocorticoid: aldosterone - glucocorticoids: cortisol, corticosterone, dehydroepiandreosterone -androgens: testosterone, progesterone released from ovary - estrogens: estradiol, estriol,estrone - progesterone released from testes - androgens: testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione
51
synthesis of steroid hormones
1. cholestorol from mitochondria converted to pregnenolone 2. pregnenolone converted to progesterone in SER 3. 2 paths for progesterone - progesterone goes to mitochondria, converted to cortisol or corticosterone then converted aldosterone - progesterone remains in SER and converted to androgens then estrogens - exits cell as synthesized, uses protein carriers, targets intracellular receptors and membrane receptors, used for signal tranduction
52
intracellular steroid receptor
steroid hormone complex binds to DNA to activate/inhibit transcription of specific mRNA - dimerization: two units must come together - translocation to DNA -mRNA transcription -protein synthesis
53
membrane steroid mechanism
steroid goes to membrane receptor - g protein dissociation - effector enzyme activation - 2nd messenger formation - protein kinase activation - estrogen action/multiple mechanisms
54
lipid based hormone
prostoglandins: basic 20 carbon fatty acid skeleton - types E,F,A,B - especially important in invertibrate behavior
55
hormone regulation
1. by physiological products generated in response to hormone action- body is sensitive to various conditions 2. by stimulatory or inhibitory effects of other hormones- feedback loop 3. environmental factors- day length 4. receptor regulation- up, increases receptors when hormone is released, or down, lower number of receptors when hormone is released - heterospecific priming: 1 hormone induces R production of another - homospecific priming: hormone induced its own R production 5. pulsatile secretion of hormone: controls timing of hormone release
56
signal transduction pathway
sequence of events from time hormone binds to receptor until final response in target cell
57
membrane bound receptors
3 domains: region of the protein w specific function -1. ligand binding -2. transmembrane -3. cytoplasmic- inside of cell 2 classes - intrinsic enzymatic activity: part of cytoplasmic domain, phosphorylate (activate) intracellular proteins - 2nd messenger: hormone binds to coupled G protein which hydrolizes and binds to GTP, activating other proteins, cAMP also 2nd messenger
58
protein phosphorylation
adding phosphate group to activate/deactivate protein- modifies shape - phosphorylation of existing protein - results in synthesis of other proteins- transcription factors - receptor up or down regulation, ion channel opening/closing, enzyme activation/deactivation, hormone release, dendritic growth, cellular metabolism, gene expression
59
pituitary gland
-anterior; glandular - posterior; tissue, neural
60
paraventrivular nucleus
part of posterior pituitary where hormones are magnocellular and made in hypothalamus
61
supraoptic nucleus
part of posterior pituitary where hormones are magnocellular and made in hypothalamus
62
posterior pituitary hormones
oxytocin, vasopressin: -vincent du vigneaud first discovered, isolated and synthesized them
63
vasopressin
- nonapeptide -cleaved from prohormones - synthesized by hypothalamic magnocellular neurons of PVN and SON - stored and released by PP - immunostained + flourescent green
64
oxytocin
- nonapeptide -cleaved from prohormones - synthesized by hypothalamic magnocellular neurons of PVN and SON - stored and released by PP - immunostained w flourescent red maternal functions - mediates milk let down in breast feeding - induces uterine contractions during birthing (ptocin) -activates maternal behaviors - milk injection can be CC w baby cry - facilitates sexual behaviors in fem rats - secreted into blood during orgasm - facilitates sperm transport in ejaculation
65
neurophysins
in PP - made at same time as PP hormones - carrier proteins - increases half life of oxytocin, and vasopressin by 10x by protecting peptides from peptidases- enzymes 1. neurophysin I w oxytocin 2. neurohpysin II w vasopressin - facilitates pair bonding w prairie dogs
66
vasopresson and neurophysin II function
-promotes water retention by kidney tubules=adh - increases blood pressure facilitates pair bonding in male prairie voles -promotes water retention in nephron
67
kidney and nephron
in PP - nephron has tubules to organs of body - filters blood - glomerulus= capillary bundle that forms 1st step in filtering blood to form urine
68
aquaporins
in PP - proteins that when assembled embed in membrane of tubules - line up to make a pore for water to come thru - necessary for allowing water to pass in and out of cell inserted into cell membrane to increase water absorption by blood
69
mechanism of vasopressin
-VP binds to V2 Rs on membran of renal tubule cells - phosphorylation of auwaporin-2 monomers - self assembly into aquaporin- 2 tetramer -aquaporin 2 inserted in cell membrane to increase water reapsorbtion- must link up - VP stimulates assembly of awuaporin 2 for water absorption
70
thyrotropin releasing hormone
- made in hypothalamus - goes to anterior pituitary - pituitary hormone released to target
71
thryoid hormones
made in jugular - thyroid stimulating hormone= thyrotropin- acts on thyroid gland to release T3 and T4 - leads to increased cellular metabolism and body temp
72
prolactin
anterior pituitary hormone important for nursing - releasing hormone is TRH prolactin inhibiting - trophic hormone targets mammary ovary brain - synthesis of milk proteins, lactose maintenance of corpus lutem induction of maternal behavior
73
growth hormone
deals with bone growth - hypersecretion of growth hormone (acromegaly); too much GH - pituitary dwarfism; not enough GH - stimulates production of somatomedins -increases cell membrane permeability to increase uptake of amino acids ex. GH-Target: liver(somatomedins), bone, muscle- Action: stimulates somatic growth; carb, lipid, protein metabolism
74
adrenal cortex hormones
medulla produces catacholomines; epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine - produces glucocordicoids; steroid hormones -releasing hormone; corticotropin releasing trophic: adrenocorticotropin hormone-Target: adrenal cortex; cortisol, corticosterone-Action: increased glucose
75
gonadal hormone
follicle stimulating hormone - ovary follicles= container where egg develops and is released - trophic hormone; follicle stimulating- target: ovaries, testes- action: folliculat developmetn spermatogenesis
76
Luteinizing hormone
when follicle develops and releases egg, follicle turns to corpus lutem -releasing hormones; gonadotropin releasing hormone -trophic hormone; luteinizing hormone -target; ovary (estrogen, progesterone), testes (androgen) - action; ovulation, formation of corpus lutem, stimulation of leydig cells
77
feedback loops
1. ultra short; mediated by hypothalamic releasing factors limiting own release by type of autocrine effect on target hypothalamus 2. short loop- anterior pituitary; inhibition of releasing factor secretion by pituitary hormones 3. long loop- target gland; direct: peripheral hormone inhibition of pituitary secretion; indirect: inihbition by peripheral hormones on hypothalamic secretion of releasing factors

Exp Psych (8 decks)

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