brain and behavior Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
somatic intervention
A
bodily variables are manipulated, behavioral effects are noted
2
Q
biological approach to behavior
A
brain function is emphasized
- explains behavior at a microscopic level in terms of neuron and glia activity: create diversity of behavior and experience
3
Q
behavioral intervention
A
individual behavior is altered, alteration in neural structure and function is noted
4
Q
brain disorders
A
neurological or psychiatric illness affects 1 in 5 people
5
Q
subjects used in neuroscience research
A
anything w a neuron
6
Q
correlational approach
A
covariance of behavior and neural events may give rise to hypotheses abt function of nervous system
7
Q
brain
A
86 billion neurons
100 thousand miles of axons
10 trillion synapses
8
Q
dendrites
A
main receptive surfaces of the cell
9
Q
cell body (soma)
A
contains cell DNA and nucleus
10
Q
axon
A
carries nerve impulses away from cell body
11
Q
input zone
A
dendrites and cell body
12
Q
integration zone
A
axon hillock
- making a calcuylation about whether to send an action potential down to other neurons
13
Q
conduction zone
A
axon, myelin sheath, nodes of ranvier
- carries action potential where it needs to go
14
Q
output zone
A
axon terminals, makes synapses with other neurons
- connects with input zones of other neurons
15
Q
conserved features
A
certain features work well for a worm ancestor, that work all the way up to human brain, across species
more or less synonymous w shared characteristic
16
Q
shared characteristic
A
all animals have something that they share, could be within species
more or less synonymous w shared characteristic
17
Q
individual differences + conserved + shared features
A
we can look at mammals to understand humans because of conserved features and shared characteristics, while understanding there are individual differences
18
Q
human vs non human subjects
A
human
-can follow directions
- can report subjectivity
- less expensive
- have a brain
non animal
- simpler nervous system
- can use more invasive approaches
- fewer ethical constraints
19
Q
somatic variable
A
changes that happen to the body
20
Q
behavioral variable
A
changing behavior of variable and studying what is going on in the brain
21
Q
correlation
A
relationship between variables
22
Q
IV
A
structure being altered
23
Q
DV
A
response measured, behavior
24
Q
correlational study
A
nothing manipulated, look for associations/relationships
ex. brain size- learning scores
25
control group
identical to experimental group except do not experience alteration
26
within-subjects design
control groups is same set tested before alteration
27
between subjects design
experimental group compared to separate control group
28
8 levels of analysis
- social: individuals behaving in social interaction
- organ: brain, spinal cord, eyes
- neural system: eyes, visual brain regions
- brain region: visual cortex
- circuit: local neural circuit
- cellular: single neuron
- synaptic: synapses
- molecular: membrane receptors
29
3 types of neurons
multipolar: CNS, most common, mostly in brain
bipolar: retina, simple, specialized - one dendrite on one end and one axon on other end
unipolar: PNS, evolutionary older, particular location, process splits into two
30
3 glial cells
- oligodendrocytes: produce myelin: insulates axon
- astrocyte: blood brain barrier, brings nutrients from blood to neuron, connects to cappilaries
- microglia: defense and immune function, eats neuron damage
-infoprocessing
31
synapse
contacts, spaces where neurons communicate
32
axon terminal
have specialized vesicles that releases neurotransmitter in response to impulse
33
synaptic cleft
crossed by neurotransmitter
34
neurotransmitter
through neuron down axon terminal and across synaptic cleft, alters electrical properties of postysynaptic cell
35
CNS
brain and spinal cord
tracts: bundle of axons
nuclei: groups of cell bodies
oligodendrocytes: make myelin
36
PNS
somatic and autonomic nervous systems
nerves: bundle of axons
ganglia: groups of cell bodies
shwann cells: makes myelin
37
somatic nervous system
connects muscles and sensory systems w CNS
38
autonomic nervous system
connects internal organs to CNS
sympathetic: prepares bosy for action, fight or flight
parasympathetic: rest and digest
39
gyri
humps of the brain
40
sulci
valleys of the brain
41
1st line of defense to CNS
bone; skull and vertebral column
42
blood and brain barrier
2nd line of defense
- prevents unwanted things from entering NS
- made of cells that make up blood vessels, only allows small things to enter
- blood vessels with tighter connections tighter
- astrocytes connect w vessels to take nutrients to give to neurons
43
cerebral ventricles
caverns of the brain
44
cerebral spinal fluid
fluid in cerebral ventricles, cushions and provides nutrition to brain and spinal cord, gets rid of waste
45
choroid plexus
in cerebral ventricles, spongey material that takes blood and makes CSF which collects in ventricles
46
3 meninges
- dura mater: immediately under skull, covers brain and spinal cord, line of defense below skull
- arachnoid membrane: membrane filled with CSF
- pia mater: thin layer tightly adhered to surface of brain and spinal cord
47
cerebral arteries
brain depends on these for supply of oxygenated blood
- stroke is caused by rupture or blockage of blood vessels, insufficient oxygen supply
48
dorsal
back
49
ventral
toward the stomach
50
caudal or posterior
toward the tail
51
rostral or anterior
toward the head
52
medial
toward the middle
53
lateral
toward the side
54
ipsilateral
same side
55
contralateral
opposite side
56
superior
above
57
inferior
below
58
horizontal plane
rostral to caudal
59
coronal plane
dorsal to ventral
60
sagittal plane
down the midline
61
afferent flow of info
carries info into a region of interest
62
efferent flow of info
carries info away from region of interest
63
olfactory nerve
sensory- smell
64
optic
sensory- vision
65
oculomotor
motor- eyes
66
trochlear
motor- eyes
67
abducens
motor- eyes
68
trigeminal
sensory and motor- face, sinuses, teeth, jaw,
69
facial
sensory and motor- tongue, soft palate, facial muscles, salivary glands, tear glands
70
vestibulocochlear
sensory- hearing and balance
71
glossopharyngeal
sensory and motor- taste, mouth sensations, throat muscles
72
vagus
sensory and motor- info from internal organs to brain and vice versa
73
spinal accessory
motor- neck muscles
74
hypoglossal
motor- tongue muscles
75
31 pairs of spinal nerves
in and out of spinal cord, both sensory and motor
ventral: muscles
dorsal: senses
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
2 coccyx
76
gray matter
darker tissue of brain and spinal cord, mainly cell bodies and dendrites
- below cell bodies
77
white matter
bundles of axons
78
spinal cord
protected by vertebrae and meninges
- dorsal root is sensory and afferent
79
occipital lobe
vision
80
temporal lobe
hearing, emotions, 4 main memories
sylvian fissures: divides temporal lobe from frontal and parietal
81
frontal lobe
executive decisions, voluntary movement
central sulcus: divides sensory from motor areas
82
hindbrain
closest to spinal cord
medulla: respiration, heart
reticular formation: attention, arousal, sleep
cerebellum: motor learning, memory
pons: sensory and motor
83
midbrain
tectum (roof): superior colliculus- visual, inferior colliculus-auditory
tegmentum (floor): substantia nigra- dopamine, periaqueductal gray- pain, fear, panic
84
diencephalon
forebrain
thalamus: sensory relay nuclei, connections to cortex
hypothalamus: endocrine function, behaviors, feeding, temp reg, rhythms, sex behavior, sleep
85
telencephalon
cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia
86
neurophysiology
study of how neuron operates as biological unit
hodgkin and huxley- figured out how to dissect giant axons in squid
87
info flow
axon terminal- pre synaptic membrane to dendritic spine- post synaptic membrane
88
plasma membrane
fatty molecules designed to create wall to keep things from coming in and out of neuron
89
channel proteins
'gates' in membrane that allow things to come in and out
90
sodium
many outside, few inside
91
potassium
few outside, many inside
92
chloride
many outside, few inside
93
calcium
many outside, few inside
94
proteins
few outside, many inside
95
resting potential
consequence of differential concentrations ofions inside and outside of neuron
neuron is polarized relative to environment outside, has a negative voltage naturally
-60mV
96
concentration gradient
diffusion causes ions to spread toward uniform concentration
- ion flow
97
electrical gradient
electrostatic pressure causes ions to flow towards oppositely charged ions- like magnets
98
selective permeability
membrane at rest allows potassium to flow, some will go some stay, at rest principles still at play
99
sodium/potassium pumps
uses cellular energy to keep distribution of ions in balance, sodium pumped out, potassium pumped in
100
equilibrium potential
all forces help keep inside of cell negative
101
hyperpolarization
makes neuron go even more negative
neuron less likely to fire action potential
102
inhibitory postsynaptic potential
inhibiting nature of the action potential, effect of hyperpolarization
- postsynaptic potential
103
depolarization
makes neuron get less negative
neuron more likely to fire action potential
104
excitatory postsynaptic potential
effect of depolarization, makes it easier to make action potential
105
graded response
strength of input determines size of response, stronger stimulus= stronger response, proportional
decremental: responses get smaller w increasing distance
106
basis of hyperpolarization
hyperpolarization due to efflux of K+ make extracellular membrane more positive
influx of CI can also produce hyperpolarization
107
ionic basis of depolarization
depolarization due to influx of Na+ thru normally closed Na+ channels
108
excitatory neuron
depolarized, moving toward action potential
109
inhibitory neuron
hyperpolarized, less likely to fire action potential
110
postsynaptic potentials
rapid, graded, decremental
111
peak of action potential
membrane approaches +40mV from Na+ flow from voltage- gated sodium channels, then close rapidly and potassium channels open to repolarize membrane
112
spatial summation
multiple inputs occur at same time, addition and subtraction across space of neuron
3 combos
- two EPSPs make greater EPSP
- two IPSPs make greater IPSP
- one IPSP and one EPSP cancel each other out
113
temporal summation
multiple events from the same input
- many action potentials from same neuron react
2 combos
- two EPSP in rapid succession to make larger EPSP
- two IPSP in rapid succession to produce larger IPSP
if spaced out enough, neuron will try to return to neutral
114
AP generation
summation can lead to action potential only if they are depolarizing (epsp)
1. epsp
2. temporal summation of 2 epsps
3. 3 epsps combine to exceed threshold
4. simultaneous epsps combine spatially
5. ipsp
6. resting potential
115
3 phases of action potential
opening and closing of sodium and potassium channels
rising: sodium channel opens, potassium channel opens
repolarization: potassium channel starts to close
hyperpolarization: neuron back to neutral
116
voltage activated channels
membrane channels whose permeability depends upon the voltage difference across membrane
117
absolute refractory period
when neuron cannot make another action potential
- Na+ channels insensitive to further stimuli
118
relative refractory period
when neuron is returning to rest, it can make another action potential if necessary
- follows absolute refractory phase
119
conduction of action potential
non-decremental, regenerated constantly, all or nothing, begin just beyond axon hillock, propogated, varies w axon diameter- larger=faster, varies w myelination- insulated= faster
120
saltatory conduction
potential traveling inside axon jumps from node to node (ranvier) in myelinated axons
121
conduction velocity
speed of propogation of action potentials, increased in axons w large diameters and myelinated
122
myelinated vs unmyelinated axon
100 m/sec vs 1-10 m/sec
123
arrival of AP
opens voltage-gated calcium channels to open in axon terminal, induces vesicles to fuse to synaptic membrane
124
exocytosis
happens at arrival of AP- vesicle fuses with membrane of presynaptic terminal and release neurotransmitter
125
receptors
in postsynaptic membrane, neurotransmitters bind to them
126
ligands
channels controlled by a neurotransmitter or drug that mimics neurotransmitter
- drugs, toxins etc
127
enzymatic degradation
enzymes in the synapse break down neurotransmitter
128
reuptake (transporters)
a vaccum, sucks up neurotransmitter
129
synapse
communicates info via transmitters from presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic cell
130
acetylcholine
first identified transmitter
- choline
- at neuromuscular junctions, vital for skeletal muscle function
- autonomic nervous system
- central nervous system- learning, memory
-deactivated by enzyes in synapse
131
monoamines
tyrosine, tryptophan, dopamine, epinephrine, horepinephrine, serotonin
132
amino acid transmitters
glutamate: main excitatory neurotransmitter
GABA: main inhibitory neurotransmitter- synthesized from glutamate
133
neuropeptides
pitutitary, hypothalamic, brain gut, opioid, amino acid chains, 100 types, endorphins
134
unconventional neurotransmitters
soluble gas, endocannabinoids, nitric oxide
135
agonist
drugs that mimic or enhance neurotransmitter function
136
antagonist
drugs that reduce neurotransmitter function
137
exogenous
substances from outside the body (drugs)
138
endogenous
substances from inside the body (neurotransmitters)
