Behavior I (BS1 CH6) COPY COPY Flashcards
Needs theory
Needs theory: developed by David McClelland.
Needs theory proposes that people (irrespective of race, sex, age, etc.) will strive for satisfaction of meeting the needs for:
Achievement: excellence and a sense of accomplishment.
Affiliation: agreeable relationships with and acceptance from others.
Power: either personal power (authority to direct others) or institutional power (a role for managing the focus and efforts of others, toward the end of furthering an organization’s goals).
Needs theory is sometimes called the three need theory or the learned needs theory.
Ionotropic receptors:
Ionotropic receptors: modulate current flow directly by regulating a ligand-gated ion channel.
Metabotropic receptors:
Metabotropic receptors: modulate current flow indirectly by signaling through other molecules.
causes second messenger pathway lots of other steps …. ion channel opens…
neurotransmitters 1
Chemicals that are synthesized in the neuron, stored in the presynaptic terminal, released into the synapse to modulate activity in the postsynaptic neuron, and cleared from the synapse by specific mechanisms.
Small molecule neurotransmitters:
Amino acids: e.g., glutamate and GABA.
Biogenic amines: e.g., dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.
Acetylcholine: binds both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors.
Neuroactive peptide neurotransmitters:.
These are proteins that act as neurotransmitters.
• Some examples include opioids and various hormones (vasopressin, oxytocin, insulin, etc.).
Glutamate:
• Functions for some neurotransmitters:
the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS; uses NMDA receptors (as well as othertypes of receptors).
GABA
GABA: the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS.
Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine: involved in arousal and motivation.
Dopamine
Serotonin
Dopamine: involved in reward processing and coordinating movement.
Serotonin: involved in regulating mood, appetite, and sleep.
Acetylcholine
involved in learning and memory, sleep, arousal, and control of skeletal muscles.
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT, EMBRYONIC PERIOD:
Covers the period from fertilization through the formation and differentiation of all the major organs at ~10 weeks of gestation.
Embryonic stages: zygote → morula → blastocyst with inner cell mass and trophoblast → gastrulation → neurulation (see also MCAT Biological Sciences: Reproduction & Development Section).
Gastrulation: formation of the three germ layers that will give rise to different tissues and organs.
Gastrulation:
formation of the three germ layers that will give rise to different tissues and organs.
Germ layer:
Ectoderm= surface of embryo= gives rise to epidermis, nervous system, lens of eye, mouth
Endoderm= lining the inside of the embryo; exposed to outside via blastopore= lining of GI tract, liver, pancreas, lungs
Mesoderm= between ectoderm and endoderm= Everything else: heart, blood vessels, kidneys, reproductive organs, muscle, bone, hypodermis, dermis, connective tisseus
Neurulatio
Neurulation: notochord signals to ectoderm → differentiation of ectoderm into neural plate → invagination of neural plate → formation of neural tube and neural crest.
Neural tube: gives rise to CNS.
Neural crest: gives rise to nervous tissue outside CNS.
Induction = process by which one tissue (e.g., notochord) signals to another tissue (e.g., ectoderm), directing its differentiation and development.
Neural tube
Neural tube: gives rise to CNS.
Neural crest:
Neural crest: gives rise to nervous tissue outside CNS.
Organogenesis
Organogenesis: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm differentiate into all of the major organs and tissues at 3–8 weeks of gestation and completed by 10 weeks.
• During this time, embryo is highly susceptible to teratogens = substances known to disrupt development, causing birth defects.
Gastrulation
Gastrulation: formation of the three germ layers that will give rise to different tissues and organs.
prenatal developmental, fetal period
-All major organs have already formed so the fetus is less susceptible to teratogens.
However, all tissues continue to grow and differentiate.
Brain development during the fetal period:
Neurogenesis: birth of new cells in the ventricular zone of the developing neocortex; ~6 weeks to early postnatal period.
Neuronal migration: new-born neurons migrate from the ventricular zone along radial glia to form layers of cortex; ~9 weeks to early postnatal period.
Outgrowth of axons and dendrites; ~16 weeks of gestation to ~1.5 years of age.
Programmed cell death/apoptosis of excess neurons: ~20 weeks to early postnatal period.
Formation of synapses: third trimester through early childhood.
Myelination: perinatal period through young adulthood.
Synapses pruning: beginning one year after birth through childhood and early adolescence.
formation of synapses/ pruning
outgrowht- grow out make connections and then those connections get rpomoted***
formation of synpases= gap between two neurons are formed, so synapse formed bettween neuron and neuron, or neuron and muscle*
in development have MORE neuron connections, then part of brain development in kids is losing synapses* so neurons connect to each other too much, pathways you use become strengthened and the ones you do not use connections weaken and disappear actually
lose synapses which is actually a good thing, streamlines communication among brain cells*
- good thing
- synaptic pruning one of the things that goes wrong in autism* the earlier you start behavioral interventions, need imaging test for any neurological or psychiatric disorder
definition of prenatal, perinatal, postnatal
prenatal= before birth* test fetus
perinatal= around birth, around delivery
postnatal= after birth
gross motor development in childhood
Development is extremely protracted in humans relative to other animals.
protracted means= it takes a very long tme* there is a lot of brain development that takes place after birth and over a very very long period of time*
Normal development is characterized by the following milestones:
gross motor development=
Supports head: 2 months
Rolls over: 4 months
Sitting: 6 months
Crawling and standing: 8–12 months
Walking: 12–18 months
Tricycle: 24–36 months
Fine motor development:
Fine motor development:
Reaches for objects: 2 months
Pincer grasp: 8–10 months
Drawing:
Line: 2 years
Circle: 3 years
Square or plus: 4 years
Triangle: 5 years
Receptive language development:
2 years: 50 words
3 years: 800 words
5 years: 2,000 words
