Behavioral Neurology

Question 1

What is aphemia, and what is the lesion?

Answer 1

inability to speak, but can write. (not language per say).

caused by small Broca’s lesion or subcortical white matter.

Question 2

dominant inferior frontal gyrus problem causes what?

Answer 2

Broca’s aphasia: nonfluent speech, can’t name, can’t repeat, can’t write. CAN comprehend.

Question 3

dominant superior temporal gyrus problem?

Answer 3

Wernicke’s aphasia: severe comprehension problem with fluent nonsensical speech.

Question 4

conduction aphasia?

Answer 4

fluent speech, comprehension okay but cannot name, write, repeat. Prob w/ arcuate fasiculus connecting broca and wernicke areas.

Question 5

Hallmark of transcortical aphasias?

Answer 5

CAN repeat. (May be sensory or motor with similar as either broca’s or wernickes but with preserved repetition.)

Question 6

Location of transcortical motor aphasia?

Answer 6

dominant supplementary motor area, connection of SMA to broca, or above/anterior to Broca.

Question 7

location of transcortical sensory?

Answer 7

junction or temporal, parietal, occipital lobes.

Question 8

What is Balint syndrome?

Answer 8

disconnection with ocular apraxia, optic ataxia, simultagnosia, depth problems

Question 9

what causes balint syndrome? location

Answer 9

damage to bilateral parieto-occipital region: can’t see where something is, but can do what it is (occipitoparietal vs occipitotemporal)

Question 10

pure word deafness or auditory verbal agnosia

Answer 10

hear sounds but can’t understand words or repeat. They can read/write.

Question 11

what causes pure word deafness?

Answer 11

deep dominant superior temporal lesion or bilateral lesions of midsuperior temporal gyrus

Question 12

Alien limb syndrome?

Answer 12

involuntary movement of limb, feel like no control of hand

Question 13

three causes of alien hand?

Answer 13

1. corticobasilar degeneration
2. corpus callosum lesion
3. ACA infarct

Question 14

Anton syndrome? what causes it?

Answer 14

cortical blindness but deny it, caused by bilateral occipital lobe damage

Question 15

Do anton patients blink to threat or have optokinetic responses?

Answer 15

No

Question 16

Do anton patients have pupil response to lt?

Answer 16

Yes.

Question 17

Capgras syndrome?

Answer 17

delusion that people around them have been replaced by impostures. (people captured)

Question 18

Charles Bonnet’s syndrome?

Answer 18

vision loss with people seeing things in space where vision was lost.

Question 19

Ganser syndrome

Answer 19

approximate answers: Dance around the question

Question 20

Gerstmann syndrome? 4 things? Where is lesion?

Answer 20

1. finger agnosia
2. R/L confusion (need AAA b/c lost)
3. acalculia
4. agraphia

(AAAAA: Dominant Angular gyrus)

Question 21

location of lesion in Gerstmann syndrome?

Answer 21

angular gyrus dominant parietal lobe (remember all the As on the fingers: agraph, acalc, agnos, AAA b/c can’t tell L/R, angular gyrus)

Question 22

what causes akinetic mutism?

Answer 22

silent and still due to bilateral medial frontal damage (cingulate)

Question 23

what is anosodiaphoria?

Answer 23

lack of concern about their impairment (don’t sweat the big stuff: diaphoretic)

Question 24

anosognosia is what and in what location is the lesion?

Answer 24

unaware of impairment

right parietal lesion

Question 25

what is catalepsy?

Answer 25

patient remains in position they are placed.

Question 26

cataplexy?

Answer 26

in narcolepsy with sudden loss of tone following emotions

Question 27

Two types of catatonia?

Answer 27

stuporous: mute, immobile, echolalia/praxia, posturing. excited: purposeless frenetic activity

Question 28

what is ideational apraxia?

Answer 28

can perform individual component of sequence, but not the whole thing. (can perform each idea, but not summation)

Question 29

ideomotor apraxia?

Answer 29

can perform movement but not on command (Can do the motor, but not if someone else's idea)

Question 30

what is logorrhea?

Answer 30

pressured, abundant speech (diarrhea of mouth/words)

Question 31

Borderline ID?

Answer 31

70-85

Question 32

mild ID

Answer 32

50-70

Question 33

moderate ID

Answer 33

30,40,50

Question 34

severe ID

Answer 34

20-40

Question 35

profound ID

Answer 35

< 25

Question 36

Wisconsin card sort test is good for what testing

Answer 36

executive function / frontal lobe

Question 37

What is witzelsucht?

Answer 37

inappropriate laughter, orbitofrontal lesions

Question 38

Disinhibited syndrome

Answer 38

orbitofrontal syndrome

Question 39

function of orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex

Answer 39

integrates emotional info and self awareness into appropriate behaviors

Question 40

what is environmental dependency / utilization behavior

Answer 40

can't inhibit environmental reactions like seeing coffee cup and drinking it

Question 41

dysexecutive syndrome

Answer 41

dorsolateral syndrome of prefrontal cortex for working memory and executive functioning

Question 42

medial/anterior cingulate frontal lobe syndrome

Answer 42

abulia, apathy syndrome

Question 43

what lesion can lead to akinetic mutism in most severe form

Answer 43

cingulate gyrus, b/l medial frontal

Question 44

what is anasognosia

Answer 44

lack of awareness of deficit in right parietal lesions | it aint so: anasognosia

Question 45

anosodiaphoria

Answer 45

lack of concern about ones impairment (diaphoria: don't sweat small stuff)

Question 46

catalepsy vs cataplexy

Answer 46

catalepsy is waxy flexibility | cataplexy is sudden loss of tone w/ narcolepsy (lepsy and lepsy dont go together)

Question 47

area involved in alternating shyness/fearfulness and fits of unprovoked rage

Answer 47

amygdala

Question 48

what are the main features of Kluver Bucy syndrome and where are the lesions

Answer 48

placidity (docility), hyperphagia/orality, hypersexuality, visual agnosia bilateral anterior (amygdala) temporal lobe lesion

Question 49

epilepsy syndrome w/ hypergraphia and micrographia, deepened intellectual life, hyperverbality

Answer 49

TLE

Question 50

purposeless frenetic activity

Answer 50

excited catatonia

Question 51

features of memory with b/l hippocampal damage

Answer 51

severe anterograde (learning), moderate retrograde, intact registration and implicit memory

Question 52

Papez circuit

Answer 52

Hippocampus via fornix to MACE: | Mammillary body, Anterior Nucleus thal, Cingulate, Entorhinal cortex

Question 53

repetition requires what 3 structures intact

Answer 53

Broca Wernicke Arcuate Fasciculus that connects them

Question 54

watershed infarcts may lead to what aphasia problem / feature

Answer 54

transcortical: can repeat

Question 55

Percentage of left handed people with left language brain

Answer 55

60-70%

Question 56

Area involved in agraphia

Answer 56

Exner's writing area: motor programs for writing that feed into Brocas

Question 57

what causes alexia without agraphia?

Answer 57

PCA stroke in left hemisphere that involves the posterior / splenium of the corpus callosum such that visual info from right still can't cross over

Question 58

what is simultagnosia and what is it seen in?

Answer 58

can't put the whole picture / image together to make full sense of it seen in Balints

Question 59

'in anton syndrome what exam features?

Answer 59

no blink to threat and no OKN, but pt doesn't think there is a problem or realize they are blind

Question 60

Dorsal vs Ventral visual pathways

Answer 60

dorsal: Where Ventral: What

Question 61

Charles bonnet syndrome:

Answer 61

seeing things in space where vision was lost

Question 62

where is the lesion with agnosia?

Answer 62

dominant inferior temporal occipital cortex (can't get the what)

Question 63

recognition issue?

Answer 63

agnosia?

Question 64

what side is neglected in hemineglect and why

Answer 64

left neglect b/c due to nondominant lesions typically

Question 65

ideational apraxia is what

Answer 65

inability to plan a motor sequence

Question 66

three lesions that can cause alien limb

Answer 66

1. corpus callosum 2. ACA infarct 3. corticobasal ganglionic degeneration

Question 67

lesions for prosopagnosia

Answer 67

b/l inferior occipital/temporal lesion

Question 68

What is Witzelsucht?

Answer 68

inappropriate laughter: orbitofrontal lesion