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MCAT Prep/Review > Behavioral Science 1: Biology & Behavior > Flashcards

Behavioral Science 1: Biology & Behavior Flashcards

Researchers, Brain, and Development (71 cards)

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1
Q

Franz Gall

A

Phrenology

the study of how the size/shape of the cranium/skull to predict mental trait

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2
Q

Pierre Flourens

A

concluded different brain regions have specific functions; extirpation

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3
Q

William James

A

founder of functionalism; how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment

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4
Q

John Dewey

A

functionalist; focus on studying organisms as a whole

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5
Q

Paul Broca

A

speech production; studied individual with lesions/damages on different regions of the brain

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6
Q

Hermann von Helmholtz

A

speed of impulse; made psychology a science

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7
Q

Sir Charles Sherrington

A

first inferred the existence of synapses

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8
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

founder of psychoanalysis, psychoanalytic perspective

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9
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

nerve fibers responsible bringing sensory information from the external world to brain

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10
Q

Interneurons

A

neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

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11
Q

Motor Neurons

A

nerve cells that transmit signals from CNS to muscles and glands

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12
Q

Reflex Arcs

A

interneurons relay information from the source of stimuli while simultaneously routing info to the brain

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13
Q

Central Nervous System

A

consists of brain and spinal cord; functions as body processing center and manages everything your body does

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14
Q

Peripheral Nervous System
- What does it consist of?
- Different types

A

consists of tissues and fibers; sends information from different areas of your body back to your brain and carry out commands from brain to the body;

Somatic and Automatic

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15
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

responsible for voluntary movements

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16
Q

Automatic Nervous System

A

responsible for involuntary movement

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17
Q

Sympathetic Nervous Sytem

A

how your body responses to dangerous or aggressive situations; flight or fight

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18
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

how your body feels when it calms down; rest or digest

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19
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

released by neurons to carry out signals

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20
Q

Acetylcholine

A

used by somatic nervous system to move muscles

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21
Q

Dopamine

A

influence smooth movement and steady posture

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22
Q

Endorphins and Enkephalins

A

natural pain killers; released during serious injuries

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23
Q

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

A

maintain wakefulness and mediates flight or fight

Epi- Act as hormone
NEpi- Act as neurotransmitter

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24
Q

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A

a major inhibitory neurotransmitter

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25
Glutamate
a major excitatory neurotransmitter
26
Serotonin
modulates mood, sleep, eating, and dreaming
27
The endocrine is tied to the nervous system through...?
Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
28
Cortisol
stress hormone released by adrenal cortex
29
Testosterone and Estrogen
-mediate libido -testosterone increase aggressive behavior -both are produced in the gonads and released by adrenal cortex
30
Hindbrain consists of...?
-Cerebellum -Pons -Medulla oblongata
31
Midbrain consists of...?
Inferior and superior colliculi
32
Forebrain consists of...?
- Thalamus - Hypothalamus - Basal Ganglia - Limbic system - Cerebral cortex
33
Method(s) for studying the brain?
Electroencephalography (EEG)
34
Thalamus
Relay station for sensory information
35
Hypothalamus
Homeostasis and the 4 F'S (flight, fight, feed, and fornicate)
36
Basal Ganglia
Smooth movement and helps postural stability
37
Limbic System (3)
-Septal nuclei: pleasure and addiction -Amygdala: fear and aggression -Hippocampus: emotion and memory
38
Cerebral Cortex contains…
4 Lobes; - Frontal Lobe - Occipital Lobe - Parietal Lobe - Temporal Lobe
39
Frontal Lobe
executive function, impulse, control, speech, and motor
40
Parietal Lobe
Touch, pressure, temperature, pain, spatial processing
41
Occipital Lobe
vision and visual processing
42
Temporal Lobe
sound, speech perception, memory, and emotion
43
Cerebral Hemisphere
Left: Analytic, language, logic, mathematics (usually dominant) Right: intuition, creativity, spatial processing
44
The nervous system develops through...
a process called Neuralation the notochord stimulates overlying ectoderm to fold over, creating a neural tube topped with neural crest cells
45
Neural Tube
an embryonic structure that gives rise to the central nervous system
46
Neural Crest Cells
spread out throughout the body and differentiating into many different tissues
47
Primitive Reflexes
exists in infants & should disappear with age
48
Rooting Reflex
turns head towards stimulus
49
Moro Reflex
extends arms out in response to falling sensation
50
Babinski Reflex
Big toe is extended and the other toes fan out ins response to brushing the sole of the foot
51
Grasping Reflex
Grabs anything placed into hands
52
Developmental Milestones
-Gross and Fine motor abilities -Language skills become more complex -Social skills shift from parent oriented to other-oriented
53
Sensory Receptors
Sensory nerves that respond to stimuli
54
Sensory Ganglia
Collection of cell bodies outside the CNS
55
Projection Areas
areas in the brain that analyze sensory input
56
Absolute Threshold
the minimum (amount) of stimulus energy that will activate a sensory system
57
Threshold of Conscious Perception
The minimum (amount) stimulus energy that will create a signal large enough in size & long enough in duration to be brought into awareness
58
Difference Threshold
the minimum difference in magnitude between two stimuli before one can perceive this difference
59
Weber's Law
Just Noticeable Difference (JND) the smallest noticeable difference of a stimulus that is proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus
60
Signal Detection Theory
refers to the effects of non sensory factors such as experiences, motives, and expectations on perception of stimuli Accounts for response bias
61
Adaption
refers to an increase or decrease in sensitivity to a stimulus
62
Cornea
gathers and filters incoming light
63
Iris
- control pupil size - colored part of the eye - divides front into anterior and posterior chambers contains 2 muscle the dilator and constrictor pupillage
64
Lens
refracts incoming light to focus to on the retina
65
Aqueous humor
-produced by the ciliary body -nourishes the eye and gives the eye its shape -drains through the canal of schlemm
66
Retina
Rods: detect light and dark (contain rhodopsin) Cones: colors short, med, and long
67
Retinal Disparity
Space between eyes allows for binoculars vision and depth
68
Horizontal and amacrine cells
integrates signals from the ganglion cells and perform edge sharpening
69
Support
vitreous on the inside sclera on the outside
70
Processing (3 types)
Parallel processing: color, form, motion simultaneously Manocellular cells: motion, high temporal resolution Paravocellular cells: shape, high spatial resolution
71
Visual Pathway
eye, optic nerves, optic chiasm, optic tracts, lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), visual radiations, & visual cortex

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