Behavioral Sciences Flashcards
(238 cards)
1
Q
Paul Broca
A
linked certain deficits to specific brain lesions
“Broca’s area” – language area
2
Q
Afferent Neurons
A
Sensory Neurons
receptors go to spinal cord and brain
3
Q
Efferent Neurons
A
Motor Neurons
brain and spinal cord go to muscles and glands
Efferent Effect Action
4
Q
Interneurons
A
located between other neurons
associated with reflexive behavior
5
Q
Peripheral and Central Nerve Types
A
Sensory and Motor Neurons = Peripheral
Interneurons = Central
6
Q
Two divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System
A
Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System
7
Q
Somatic Nervous System
A
sensory and motor neurons throughout skin, joints, muscles (afferent and efferent nerves)
Associated with voluntary muscle movements
8
Q
Autonomic Nervous System (fx and two divisions)
A
regulates HR, respirations, digestions, gland secretions (anything you cannot consciously control)
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
9
Q
Sympathetic Nervous System
A
activated by stress, “fight or flight”
Physical Changes:
dilates pupiles, inhibits saliva, relaxes bronchi, increase HR and sweating and adrenaline, stimulates orgasm and glucose production, inhibits peristalsis and bladder contraction.
10
Q
Parasympathetic Nervous System
A
purpose: conserve energy (resting, sleep states)
Neurotransmitter: acetylcholine
Physical Changes:
constricts pupils, stimulate saliva, constricts bronchi, decrease HR, stimulate bile and contracts bladder.
11
Q
Three divisions of the brain
A
Hindbrain, Midbrain, and Forebrain
12
Q
Hindbrain
A
brain meets spinal cord – controls balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, general arousal
13
Q
Three parts of Hindbrain and their fx
A
Cerebellum: posture, balance, body movements
Pons: relays information, regulates sleep
Medulla Oblongata: regulates breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure
14
Q
Midbrain
A
involuntary reflexes due to visual and auditory stimuli (sensorimotor reflexes)
Superior colliculus: receives visual input
Inferior colliculus: receives auditory input, reflexive auditory reaction
15
Q
Forebrain
A
Perception, cognition, behavior processes (emotion and memory), Greatest influence on human behavior = complex behaviors
structures divided into two: Telencephalon and diencephalon
16
Q
EEG
A
study large groups of neurons
placing electrodes on the scalp – studies seizures
17
Q
rCBF
A
maps blood flow of the brain
18
Q
Forebrain: Telencephalon
A
cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system
19
Q
Forebrain: Diencephalon
A
thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, and pineal gland
20
Q
Four main parts of the Forebrain–diencephalon
A
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Posterior Pituitary
Pineal Gland
21
Q
Thalamus
A
Part of Forebrain
sensory “way station” – everything but sense of smell
22
Q
Hypothalamus
A
homeostatic functions (metabolism, water balance, temperature) Emotional experiences: arousal, aggressiveness, sexual behavior Control some endocrine functions
Four Fs: Feeding, Fighting, Flighting, sex Functioning
23
Q
Hypothalamus: divisions
A
Lateral Hypothalamus
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
Anterior hypothalamus
24
Q
Lateral Hypothalamus controls?
A
Hunger center (eating and drinking) balances caloric and water
25
Ventromedial Hypothalamus controls?
satiety center -- indicate when to stop eating
26
Anterior hypothalamus controls?
sexual behavior, sleep and body temperature
27
Posterior Pituitary
axonal projections of hypothalamus (just below)
| releases ADH and oxytocin
28
Pineal Gland
biological rhythms, secretes melatonin, receives sensory input via sunlight
29
Three parts of the Forebrain--Tenecephalon
Basal Ganglia
Limbic System
Cerebral Cortex
30
Basal Ganglia
Relays from CNS to coordinate muscle movement to either maintain steady posture, or smooth muscle movement
info about body position (carries info to CNS)
Damage leads to Parkinson's disease (too little dopamine)
31
Limbic System
Primarily emotion, memory, and learning
32
Limbic System: Septal Nuclei
one primary pleasure center
33
Limbic System: Amygdala
defensive, aggressive behaviors, fear, rage
| Damage: leads to inability to react
34
Limbic System: Hippocampus
learning and memory processes -- form long term memories
Damage: anterograde amnesia or retrograde amnesia
*smell sense closely related to memory*
35
Forebrain: Cerebral Cortex (fx, and 4 lobes)
```
where behavior and reasoning exists
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe
```
36
Cerebral Cortex: Frontal Lobe
made of all interneurons
prefrontal cortex: executive fx (perception, memory, emotion, impulse control), "association area" = integrates information rather than "projection area" that performs rudimentary tasks
Primary Motor Cortex
Broca's Area
37
Frontal Lobe: Primary Motor Cortex
initiates voluntary motor movements in response to somatosensory cortex
"projection area"
*wired backwards: so if an external sources stimulates, then the movement becomes involuntary
38
Cerebral Cortex: Parietal Lobe
spatial processing: understanding where you are in relation to other things
Somatosensory cortex: "projection area" processing incoming touch, pressure, temperature, and pain
39
Cerebral Cortex: Occipital Lobe
rear of brain, Visual Cortex
40
Cerebral Cortex: Temporal Lobe
auditory cortex: sound processing (speech and music)
Wernicke's Area: language reception and comprehension
memory processing, emotion, language
41
Wernicke's Aphasia
inability to make any speech or sound
42
Contralateral Communication
brain communicates with opposite sides of the body (ex. with movement)
43
Ipsilateral Communication
brain communicates with the same side of the body (ex. for hearing)
44
Corpus Callosum
allows both hemispheres to communicate with each other
| separating hemispheres could be a treatment for epilepsy
45
Non-dominant hemisphere
usually RIGHT side of the brain, associated with intuition, creativity, music cognition, spatial processing
46
Dominant hemisphere
usually LEFT side of the brain, associated with analytical processing, managing details
language, logic, and math skills
47
Which neurotransmitters affect PNS?
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
48
Which neurotransmitters affect PNS and CNS?
Acetylcholine
49
Which neurotransmitters affect CNS?
Dopamine, serotonin, GABA, Endorphins
50
Acetylcholine
neurotransmitter in PNS and CNS
in PNS = voluntary muscle contraction
in CNS = attention and arousal (in the brain w/ learning and memory)
51
Epinephrine
in PNS, alertness and wakefulness
52
Dopamine
neurotransmitter in CNS
| movement, posture, activates REWARD center
53
Schizophrenia and dopamine
due to too much dopamine
54
Parkinson's and dopamine
due to loss of dopaminergic neurons (too little dopamine)
55
Serotonin
neurotransmitter in CNS
regulates mood, eating, sleeping, dreaming, arousal, wakefulness
can influence depression, mania, seasonal affective disorder
56
GABA
neurotransmitter in CNS
| inhibitory, "brain stabilizer"
57
Endorphins
neurotransmitter in CNS
natural painkiller, impact body for longer period of time
*opioids mimics endorphins in the body -- contributing to addictiveness
58
Hypophyseal Portal System
link between pituitary gland and hypothalamus
59
Difference between anterior and posterior pituitary
anterior: synthesis of hormones and release
posterior: store and release hormones
60
Anterior Pituitary gland
```
releases hormones that regulate endocrine glands
FLAT PEG
(ex. FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, prolactin, endorphines, GH)
```
61
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal medulla: releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
| Adrenal cortex: produces corticosteroids (cortisol, estrogen, testosterone, and other sex hormones)
62
Gonads
sex glands (ovaries or testes)
63
innate versus learned behavior
```
"nature" = innate behavior
"nurture" = learned behavior
```
64
Neurulation
neural groove -- becomes 2 neural folds -- developing into neural crest (desperate tissues) and neural tube (CNS)
neural tube differentiates into alar plate (sensory neurons) and basal plate (motor neurons)
65
Four developmental reflexes
Rooting Reflex: turning head in direction of stimulus
Moro Reflex: react to abrupt head movement by flinging arms
Babinski Reflex: spreading tubes when sole of foot is stimulated
Grasping Reflex:
66
Photoreceptors
respond to electromagnetic waves in visible spectrum (eye)
67
Hair Cells
respond to movement of fluid in inner ear
| hearing, rotational and linear acceleration
68
Nociceptors
respond to painful stimuli (receptors are throughout the body) or noxious stimuli (in the nose)
69
Thermoreceptors
changes in temperature (thermosensation)
| in skin and nose
70
Osmoreceptors
osmolarity of blood
water homeostasis
in hypothalamus
71
Olfactory receptors
sensitive to volatile compounds -- smell
| nose
72
Limina (perception) - "Subliminal"
subliminal perception -- perception of stimulus is below given threshold
to be detected by NS: stimulus is above threshold
to remain unaware: must be below threshold for conscious perception
73
"just-noticeable difference"
minimal difference in magnitude between two stimuli before one can perceive a difference
74
Weber's Law
constant ratio between change in stimulus magnitude needed to produce a and and magnitude of original stimulus
75
Duplicity Theory of Vision
Retina container two photoreceptors
Rods -- detect light and dark
cones -- detect color
76
Eye accommodation
changes the shape of the lens via the ciliary muscle and suspensory ligaments (stretching and constricting)
77
Visual Pathway
Rods and cones connect with bipolar cells, bipolar cells synapse with ganglion cells, these group at the optic nerve -- optic chiasm -- lateral geniculate nucleus in thalamus OR parietal lobes in visual cortex in occipital lobe
78
Olfactory Pathway
odor inhaled -- nasal passages -- olfactory nerves -- receptors are activated -- signal olfactory bulb -- relayed via olfactory tract to higher brain
79
Somatosensation
pressure, vibration, pain, temperature
80
Somatosensation sensors (5)
```
Pacinian corpuscles
Meissner corpuscles
Merkle Cells (discs)
Ruffini Endings
Free Nerve Endings
```
81
Pacinian corpuscles
deep pressure, vibration
82
Meissner Corpuscles
light touch
83
Merkle cells (discs)
deep pressure and texture
84
Ruffini Endings
stretch
85
Free nerve endings
pain and temperature
86
Somatosensation Pathway
receptors -- transduction to CNS -- somatosensory cortex in parietal lobe
87
Gestalt Principles
```
law of proximity
law of similarity
law of good continuation
subjective contours
law of closure
```
88
Habituation
repeated exposure to same stimulus causes decrease in response
89
Dishabituation
recovery of a response to stimulus AFTER habituation has occurred
90
Two types of learning
Associated (classical and operant conditioning) and Observational
91
Classical Conditioning
```
Pavlov
biological/instinctual responses to create an association between two unrelated stimuli (turning a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus)
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
```
92
Operant Conditioning
```
Skinner
linking voluntary behaviors with consequences to alter frequency of those behaviors
Reinforcement, punishments
Escape learning
Avoidance learning
Primary reinforcer
Discriminative stimulus
Shaping
```
93
Reinforcement vs punishment on behavior
reinforcement increases behavior
| punishment decreases behavior
94
Retrograde vs. anterograde amnesia
retrograde: loss of old memories
Anterograde: loss of new memories
95
Alzheimers Disease
degenerative brain disorder
loss of acetylcholine receptors
neurofibrillary tangles and beta-amyloid plaques
96
Korsakoff's Syndrome
Thiamine deficiency
Retrograde and anterograde amnesia
confabulation (creates fake, detailed memories to fill gaps)
agnosia: inability to recognize objects, peoples, or sounds
97
Interference (two types)
Proactive interference: old info interferes with new learning
Retroactive interference: new info causes loss of old
98
Judging Experimental Design (FINER method)
```
F: Feasibility
I: Interest
N: New information/novel?
E: Ethical
R: Relevant
```
99
Reinforcement Schedules (Operant Conditioning)
```
Fixed Ratio (FR)
Variable Ratio (VR)
Fixed Interval (FI)
Variable Interval (VI)
```
100
Fixed Ratio Schedules
reinforce behavior after # of performance son that behavior
| continuous reinforcement: behavior is rewarded every time it is performed
101
Variable Ratio Schedules
reinforce behavior after variable # is performed
- average number of performance receive a reward is constant
- works the fastest for learning a new behavior and the most resistant to extinction, fastest response rate
102
Fixed-Interval Schedules
reinforce first instance of behavior AFTER specified time has elapsed
103
Variable Interval Schedules
reinforce behavior first time the behavior is performed after varying interval of time
104
Sensory Memory
- iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory)
- very short lived (< 1 second)
- maintained by major projection areas: occipital lobe (vision), temporal lobe (hearing)
105
Short Term Memory
- fades (30 seconds w/out rehearsal)
- limited to 7 +- 2 items
- primarily in hippocampus
106
Working Memory
closely related to short term
supported by hippocampus
keeping few pieces in consciousness and manipulate (doing simple math)
107
Long Term Memory
elaborative rehearsal: association of information to knowledge stored in long term memory
-closely tied to self-reference effect
-primarily controlled in hippocampus, memories eventually moved to cerebral cortex
Implicit vs. Explicit
108
Implicit vs. Explicit Memory
Implicit: non declarative, procedural. skills, conditioned responses
Explicit: declarative, require conscious recall, semantic and episodic memory
109
Source Monitoring Error
confusing semantic and episodic memory
| remembers details of an event, confuses the context on how they were gained
110
Piavio: Dual Coding Theory
-verbal association and visual images are used to process and store information
111
Information Processing Model (4 components)
1. Thinking requires sensation, encoding, storage fo stimuli
2. Stimuli analyzed by brain to be helpful in decision making
3. Decisions made in one scenario could be used in others
4. Problem solving is dependent on the person's cognitive level (context and complexity of the problem)
112
Piaget's beliefs on Cognitive Development
- infants learn via instinctual interaction w/ environment
- as an infant ages they recognize patterns in behavior
- new information is placed into schemata -- processed via adaption
- Adaption: 2 complementary processes (assimilation and accommodation)
113
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development (4)
1. Sensorimotor
2. Pre-operational
3. Concrete Operational
4. Formal Operational
114
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development: (1) Sensorimotor
birth to 2 years
- Primary circular rxns: repetition of body movement by chance
- Secondary circular rxns: focused on manipulation on something outside of the body
- stage ends at the development of Object Permanence (that they continue to exist when out of view)
- Representational thought begins
115
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development: (2) Pre-operational
2 years to 7 years
- symbolic thinking (imagination)
- Egocentrism: inability to imagine how another feels/thinks
- Centration: focus on only one phenomenon or inability to understand conservation
116
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development: (3) Concrete Operational
7 years to 11 years
- Understand conservation and outside perspectives
- Engage in logical thought with concrete objectives
- No Abstract thinking yet
117
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development: (4) Formal Operational
11 years onward
| -Reasoning, abstract thought, problem solving
118
Lev Vygotsky's view on Cognitive Development
he though the engine driving it was a child's internalization of his or her culture
119
Deductive vs. Inductive Reasoning
deductive: top-down - draws conclusions from info given
inductive: bottom-up - theory via generalizations
120
Availability vs. Representative Heuristic
Availability: when we decide how likely something is, based on how easily similar instances can be imagined -- tends to lead to an incorrect answer
Representative: Categorizes items, uses stereotypical factors while ignoring numerical info (base-rate fallacy)
121
Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences
```
7 defined types
Linguistic
Musical
Logical-Mathematical
Visual-Spatial
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
```
122
Sleep Stages (4)
Stage 1. As soon as you doze, theta waves, EEG characterized by irregular wave forms (slower freq. and high voltages)
Stage 2. deeper sleep, theta waves, sleep spindles and k complexes
Stage 3 and 4. Deep deep, slow wave sleep (SWS), delta waves (low freq, high voltage), difficult to rouse, associated with cognitive recovery, memory consolidation, GH release.
Ex cycle: 1-2-3-4-3-2-REM
123
REM Sleep
spaced between cycles of NREM sleep
Arousal levels reach that of wakefulness, but muscles are paralyzed
"paradoxical sleep"
124
Circadian Rhythm
24h cycle, affected by light
Blood levels of melatonin (serotonin derived hormone) from pineal gland
Cortisol slowly increases in the morning
125
Dreaming
75% in REM
Activation-Synthesis Theory: random activation of neural activity, mimics incoming info, cortex attempts to stitch it all together
126
Conscious Altering Drugs
```
Depressants
Stimulants
Opiates/Opioids
Hallucinogens
Marijuana
```
127
Depressants
reduces nervous system activity
| Alcohol and Barbiturates/Benzodiazepines
128
Alcohol
-Increases GABA receptor (leads to generalized brain inhibition)
-increases dopamine = mile euphoria
-alcohol myopia: inability to recognize consequences of actions
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome: thiamine deficiency leading to severe memory impairment
129
Barbiturates/Benzos
- reduces anxiety
- helps sleep
- Increases GABA activity = sense of relaxation
130
Stimulants
- Increases arousal, increases freq. of action potentials
| - Amphetamines, Cocaine, Ecstasy/MDMA
131
Amphetamines
- increase release of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin
- increase HR, BP
- prolonged use = stroke, brain damage
132
Cocaine
- decrease reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin
| - anesthetic/vasoconstrictive
133
Ecstasy/MDMA
hallucinogen + amphetamine
| -increases HR, BP
134
Opiates/Opioids
- naturally: opiates, synthetic=opioids
- bind to opioid receptors in both PNS and CNS (decreases rxn to pain)
- overdose: death by respiratory suppression
- Heroin is rapidly metabolized to heroin
135
Hallucinogens
lysergic acid diethyl amide (LSD)
- complex interaction between various neurotransmitters (particularly serotonin)
- distortion of reality, fantasy, and enhancement of senses
136
Marijuana
active chemical in THC
- "high" due to cannabinoid receptors, glycine receptors, opioid receptors
- inhibits GABA receptors
- indirectly increases dopamine
137
Drug Addiction Pathway
"Mesolimbic Reward Pathway" nucleus accumbent (NaC) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) connected to medial Forebrain bundle (MFB)
-normally involved in motivation/emotional response -- (+) reinforcement
activated by gambling and falling in love
138
Components of Language
```
Phonology
Morphology
Semantics
Syntax
Pragmatics
```
139
Language Development milestones
12 months: babbling
12-18months: add 1 word/month
18months: "explosion of language", combining words
2-3 years: Larger sentences, not mastered language skills
5 years: language rules
140
3 Theories of Language
1. Nativist (Biological) Theory
2. Learning (Behaviorist) Theory
3. Social Interactionist Theory
141
1. Nativist (Biological) Theory
Noam Chomsky
- innate capacity for language "transformational grammar"
- Language Acquisition Device (LAD): Theoretical pathway
- critical period vs. sensitive period
142
2. Learning (Behaviorist) Theory
BF Skinner
| -via operant conditioning via reinforcement
143
3. Social Interactionist Theory
Interplay between biological and social processes
144
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (top to bottom)
5. Self actualization
4. Esteem
3. Love/belonging
2. Safety
1. Physiological
145
Three Universal Needs
1. Autonomy
2. Competence
3. Relatedness
146
Four primary factors that influence motivation
Instincts, Arousal, Drives, Needs
147
Opponent-Process Theory
Type of theory of motivation that explains continued drug use
- withdrawal created by this mechanism can create physical dependence on a drug
- Used to also explain tolerance
148
Schizophrenia
Prototypical w/ psychosis as a feature
- (+) symptoms: behavior, cognition, affect delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior
- (-) symptoms: loss of something from behavior, cognition or affect, avolition
149
Major Depressive Disorder
```
- >1 Major Depressive Episode
Symptoms: SIG E CAPS
Sleep decrease
Interest decrease
Guilt increase
Energy decrease
Concentration decrease
Apetite changes
Psychomotor
Suicidal
```
150
Persistent Depressive Disorder
Dysthymia > 2 years
| doesn't meet criteria for MDD
151
Bipolar and Related Disorders
```
Mania (rapid onset, brief duration) -- Depression (slow onset, longer duration)
Mania Symptoms MNEMONIC
Types:
Bipolar I
Bipolar II
Cyclothymic Disorder
```
152
Mania Symptoms Mnemonic
```
-DIG FAST
Distractible
Insomnia
Grandiosity
Flight of ideas
Agitation
pressured Speech
Thoughtfulness
```
153
Bipolar I
>1 Manic Episode
154
Bipolar II
>1 Hypomanic episode + > Major depressive episode
155
Cyclothymic
hypomanic episodes + dysthymia
156
Agoraphobia
type of anxiety disorders
| Fear of places or situations where its hard to escape
157
PTSD
intrusion of symptoms
avoidance symptoms
negative cognitive symptoms
arousal symptoms
158
Dissociative Amnesia
inability to recall PAST experiences
| severe: dissociative Fugue
159
Dissociative Identity Disorder
2 or more personalities that control your behavior
160
Depersonalization/Derealization
feelings of detachment from mind, body, and environment
161
Somatic Symptom Disorder
>1 somatic symptoms
| -may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition
162
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Type of Somatic Symptom Disorder
| -preoccupation with thoughts about having or getting a serious medical condition
163
Conversion Disorder
Unexplained symptoms of motor or sensory fx
- associated with psych trauma
- linked to stress
164
Personality Disorders (clusters)
- inflexible, maladaptive behavior
- distress, impaired function of at least 2: cognition, emotions, interpersonal fx, impulse control
Cluster A: WIERD Odd, eccentric
Cluster B: WILD Dramatic, emotional, erratic
Cluster C: WORRIED Anxious, fearful
165
PD: Cluster A
Paranoid PD: suspicion
Schizotypal PD: magical thinking, eccentricity
Schizoid PD: detachment of social relationships, limited emotion
166
PD: Cluster B
Antisocial PD: disregard for the rights of others
Borderline PD: relationship instability, mood or self image, splitting
Histrionic PD: Constant attention seeking behavior
Narcissistic PD: grandiose self-importance, need for admiration
167
PD: Cluster C
Avoidant PD: extreme fear of rejection
Dependent PD: need for reassurance
Obsessive-Compulsive PD: perfection, inflexible
168
Causes of Schizophrenia
```
genetic factors
birth trauma
adolescent marijuana use
family history
high dopaminergic transmission
```
169
Causes of Depression
high levels of glucocorticoids
| Low levels of norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine
170
Causes of Bipolar disorders
high levels of norepinephrine and serotonin
| highly heritable
171
Causes of Alzheimers
```
genetic factors
brain atrophy
low acetylcholine
senile beta-amyloid plaques
neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphophorylated tau protein
```
172
Causes of Parkinsons Disease
```
Bradykinesia
resting tremor
pill-rolling tremor
mask-like facies
cogwheel rigidity
shuffling gait
low dopamine production by cells in substantia nigra
```
173
Interpersonal Attraction (factors)
```
golden ratio
Similarities
self-disclosure
reciprocity
proximity
```
174
Aggression
in brain: amygdala activated by threatening situation
prefrontal cortex modulated compulsiveness
higher testosterone promotes
SO inhibited prefrontal cortex coupled with increase testosterone promotes aggressive behaviors
175
Types of Attachments
Good: Secure attachment
Bad: Avoidant, Ambivalent, Disorganized attachment
176
Types of Supports
```
Emotional
Esteem
Material
Informational
Network
```
177
Attribution Theory
individuals inferring causes of others behavior
Dispositional (internal): relate to the person
Situational (external): relate to the surroundings
178
Fundamental Attribution Error
bias towards making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions (in regard to actions of others)
-- meaning that they put undue emphasis on internal traits of others when evaluating reasons for behavior
179
Correspondent Inference Theory
Describe attributions made by observing the intentional behaviors by someone
180
Social Phenomena in Group Settings
```
Social Facilitation
deindividuation
Bystander Effect
Social Loafing
Peer Pressure
```
181
Social Loafing
tendency for individuals to to put in less effort when in a group setting
182
Social Facilitation
tendency for people to perform at an increased level in a group setting, depending on who is around
183
Deindividuation
loss of self-awareness in a group setting
can lead to drastic changes in behavior
Contributors to deindividuation:
team building, similar clothes, online chat room
184
Socialization (age milestones)
Childhood: Primary socialization
Adolescent: Secondary socialization
Adulthood: Anticipatory Socialization, Re-socialization
185
Locus of Control (internal vs. external)
internal: successes and failures are a result of themselves
external: perceive outside factors influencing their lives
186
Freud Psychosexual stages of development
Oral: libidinal energy @ mouth, fail= excessive dependency
Anal: toilet training, fail=excessive orderliness, messiness
Phallic: oedipal or electra conflict resolves
Latency: libido largely stimulated
Genital: begins @ puberty, enter into normal heterosexual relationships
Failure at @ any stage = Fixation
187
Erickson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
```
0-1: trust vs. mistrust
1-3: Autonomy vs. Shame/doubt
3-6: Initiative vs. guilt
6-12: industry vs. Inferiority
12-20: Identity vs. Role confusion
20-40: Intimacy vs. Isolation
40-65: Generativity vs. stagnation
65+: Integrity vs. despair
```
188
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
```
Preconventional Morality (preadolescence)
Conventional Morality (adolescence to adulthood)
Postconventional Morality (Adulthood, if at all)
```
189
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development: Preconventional
- preadolescence
- emphasis on consequences of moral choice
1. Obedience: avoiding punishment
2. Self-Interest: gaining rewards
190
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development: Conventional
- Adolescence to Adulthood
- see themselves in terms of their relationships to others
- understanding and accepting social rules
3. Conformity: seeks approval from others
4. Law and Order: social order in highest regard
191
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development: Postconventional
- Adulthood (if at all)
- level of reasoning not all people can reach
- based on social mores that may conflict with laws
5. Social Contract: moral rules as conventions to ensure greater good reasoning is focused on individual rights
6. Universal Human Ethics: decisions account for abstract principles
192
Personality: psychoanalytic Perspective
-personality from unconscious urges and desires
-Freud's theories:
"id" : Pleasure principle
"super ego" :
"ego" : Reality principle
193
Defense Mechanisms
```
"Randy, Please Require Students Read Dr. Seuss Books"
Repression
Projection
Regression
Suppression
Rationalization
Displacement
Sublimation
Reaction Formation
```
194
Jung, Collective Unconscious
```
Links all human beings, personality influenced by archetypes
Personal
Anima (feminine) vs. Animus (masculine)
Shadow
Self
Three dichotomies:
Extraversion vs. Introversion
Sensing vs. Intuiting
Thinking vs. Feeling
```
195
Three components of attitude
"ABC"
1. Affective
2. Behavioral
3. Cognitive
196
Functional Attitudes Theory (4)
1. Knowledge
2. Ego Expression
3. Adaptability
4. Ego Defense
197
Learning Theory on Attitude
direct contact
direct interaction
direct instruction
conditioning
198
Functionalism: Manifest fx and latent fx
-how each fx of society fits and works together
MF: deliberate actions to help govern a system
LF: unintended (+) consequences of manifest functions
199
Conflict Theory
how powerful differentials are created, how they contribute to social order
200
Symbolic Interactionism
how individuals interact with each other
201
Social Constructionism
individuals and groups make decisions
202
Rational Choice Theory
max benefit, minimize harm (exchange theory)
203
Feminist Theory
How one gender can be subordinated, minimized, devalued
204
Four ethical tenets of American Medicine (and research)
1. Beneficence: patients best interest
2. Nonmaleficence: avoid treatment when risks outweigh benefits
3. Respect for Autonomy
4. Justice
205
Incidence vs. Prevalence
Incidence: New cases / pop @ risk
Prevalence: total cases / total population
206
Oculesic Communication
type of nonverbal communication where eye movements signal meaning
207
EEG Readings and sleep
K complexes: Drastic drop in voltage during stage 2 of sleep
208
Paradoxical Sleep
Describe EEG readings during REM sleep that mimic awake
209
Prestige
measure of how much others respect an individual (or you)
210
Social Cognitive Theory
How environmental factors influence our behavior and how we interact with the environment
-participants WATCH the experience of others in order to choose their own behavior, learning develops through direct observation and replication
211
Primary and Secondary Socialization
primary: learning norms and values (from family @ young age)
Secondary: learning to fit into society (via social interactions outside the family) likely to be difference across cultures
212
Addiction Pathway
brings in ventral demential area (midbrain) initiates the dopamine signals (in the mesolimbic reward pathway), the nucleus accumbens receives dopamine signals.
Medial forebrain bundle connects the two
213
Impression Management Strategies
```
Self disclosure
managing appearances
Ingratiation
Aligning Actions
Alter-casting
```
214
self disclosure
giving info about self to establish identity
215
managing appearances
altering to create + image
216
Ingratiation
using flattery or conforming to the expectations of others to "win" them over
217
Aligning Actions
making questionable behavior acceptable via excuses
218
Alter-Casting
imposing an identity on to another person
219
Identity-Shift Effect
modify self-perception based on social environment
220
Difference between avoidance learning and escape learning
avoidance learning: taking one action to avoid something else from happening
escape learning: behavior intended to reduce an unpleasant stimulus that already exists
221
Type I and Type II Error
Type I: false positive
| Type II: False negative
222
Signal Detection Theory
Changes in our perception of the same stimuli depending on internal (psychological) and external (environmental) context
223
crystallized Intelligence vs fluid intelligence
crystallized: related to learned skills and knowledge
fluid: problem solving skills
224
Gemeinschaft vs Gesellschaft
community and society, respectively
225
Impression Management (3 selves)
1. Authentic self = who we really are
2. Ideal Self = who we would like to be under optimal conditions
3. Tactical Self = who we market ourselves to be when we adhere to other's expectations
226
High states of physiological arousal is correlated with
increased epinephrine
227
impulse control
executive function of prefrontal cortex
228
Yerkes-Dodson Law
of Social Facilitations
| enhanced ability to perform simple, familiar tasks and inhibits ability to perform complex, unfamiliar tasks
229
Paranoid PD:
suspicion
230
Schizotypal PD:
magical thinking, eccentricity
231
Schizoid PD:
detachment of social relationships, limited emotion
232
Antisocial PD:
disregard for the rights of others
233
Borderline PD:
relationship instability, mood or self image, splitting
234
Histrionic PD:
Constant attention seeking behavior
235
Narcissistic PD:
grandiose self-importance, need for admiration
236
Avoidant PD:
extreme fear of rejection
237
Dependent PD:
need for reassurance
238
Obsessive-Compulsive PD:
perfection, inflexible
