Behavioural addiction- Phillip

Question 1

lecture 1- BA historical cultural differences in gambling practices

Answer 1

Binde (2005)

Question 2

L1- BA lived experience of gambling related harm in natural language qualitative study “gambling might be the only way out of this hole gambling has got me into” “hope” is a main recurring theme

Answer 2

van baal et al (2024)-

Question 3

L1- BA supersition in pigeons- random reward schedule results in supersitious behaviour e.g. flapping my wings 3 times in a circle will result in a treat

Answer 3

skinner ( 1948)

Question 4

L1-BA: football betting, not commonly big pay offs so gambling companies create bets on multiple contingencies e.g. messi to score before half time, suarez to get a red card, haaland to get an assist, all events may be likely but combined its not super likely and that big pay off is so alluring

Answer 4

newall ( 2015)

Question 5

L1 BA- when a rat is rewarded for running with food, it will run to the point where its burning more than its consuming. same with gamblers then they will bet money until they’re burning more than they’re gaining

Answer 5

skinner (1963)

Question 6

L1- BA: historical overview of pathological gambling, began with a highly buttoned up Christian take on immoral low life weakness, someone brings freud into it obviously→ argues losing is an unconscious freudian desire to lose ( bc mommy didnt love me enough), nowdays its conceptualised within an addiction framework and thought of as an illness to be treated ( e.g. gamblers anonymous) but now its moved into the general population and is considered a public health issue not just the broken people who cant get off the slot machines

Answer 6

Lesiuer (1984)

Question 7

L1 BA- leaning on statitsical explanation and arguing for long run statistical outcomes, taking the emotion out of the random immediate outcomes and looking at it in a bigger picture

Answer 7

sklansky ( 1999)

Question 8

professional elite level gamblers, found that sucessfull players are more likely to remove emotions from the equation and doesnt want to bring that home to partner

Answer 8

newall ( 2023)

Question 9

2- co morbidity of gambling// substance dependencies

Answer 9

Lorrains et al. 2011- just under half of treatment seeking gamblers meet the diagnostic criteria of substance addiction. most commonly alcohol 85.6%

Question 10

2- co morbidity of behavioral addiction

Answer 10

Tang et al ( 2020)- found just under half of treatment seeking gamblers ( 45%) meet the diagnostic criteria for behavioural addictions e.g. shopping/ binge eating. and co morbidity leads to even higher levels of psychological harm

Question 11

2-
overview of loot boxes and gambling

Answer 11

Newall ( 2023)- found loot boxes are similar to gambling in a number of ways but they are ultimately different and should be treated as its own unique theory. most significantly statistical expectations are different as video game companies create rare rewards to encourage people to buy as many as possible. so they could just make them more common

Question 12

2-gamblers and iowa gambling tasks

Answer 12

brevers et al 2013- gamblers are shit at iowa gambling tasks because the big wins excitement signals mess up any other regulation systems

Question 13

2- tilt in poker players

Answer 13

browne ( 1989)

Question 14

2- urges due to stimuli in both CD and PG

Answer 14

Kober et al 2015 found in fmri that showing videos relating to gambling significantly increased urges compared to cocaine/ sad videos ( roughly 6.8) compared to 1.5 in sad videos// same with CD patients, cocaine videos sig increased their urges by over 3 on a ten point scale. brain scanning revealed increased activation in the posterior insula

Question 15

2- cravings in gambling disorders

Answer 15

clark et al ( 2017) found that withdrawals function similarly with gambling addicts where they experience cravings/ compulsions to gamble

Question 16

3- who made up/ put forward the big win model

Answer 16

custer et al ( 1985)

Question 17

3- evidence for big win theory

Answer 17

turner ( 2006) -> found supporting evidence that in pathological gamblers, more won first time compared to social gamblers who dont experience harm

Question 18

3- limitation of using self report evidence from gamblers

Answer 18

heirene et al ( 2022) -> found consistent gamblers were more often inaccurate in their judgements of how much theyve gambled

Question 19

3- 3 pathways model

Answer 19

blaszczynski and nower ( 2002) → argued that people can become addicted to gambling through 3 distinct pathways ( behaviourally conditioned, emotionally vulnerable and biologically vulnerable)

Question 20

3- evidence for emotional vunerability pathway

Answer 20

scherrer et al 2007 → childhood trauma could be associated with gambing addiction

Question 21

3- evidence for biological vulnerability pathway

Answer 21

theule et al (2016) → link between ADHD and gambling

Question 22

4) supernormal stimuli

Answer 22

Barret 2010-
supernormal stimuli- electronic gambling is a supernormal stimuli, we are not supposed to be as addicted to it as we are

Question 23

4) comparison between treatment seeking and esport playing gamers

Answer 23

Karhulahti et al ( 2022)- comparing treatment seeking and hobby video gamers. identifies that treatment seekers struggle to find balance when playing video games and keeping control over time spent/ compared to hobby gamer who fits gaming around other life commitments

Question 24

4) comparitve harms of online gaming/ gambling

Answer 24

• Delfabbro et al ( 2021)- harm severity in internet gaming disorder, those addicted to playing video games experience harm but less severe e.g. neglecting exercise

Question 25

4) longtitudinal study looking at loot boxes and gambling

Answer 25

- brooks & Clarke ( 2023)- - FOUND: Loot box use predicted gambling initiation six-months later. Loot boxes were a stronger predictor of gambling than non-randomized microtransactions. Erroneous gambling beliefs predicted initiation of loot box use six-months later. Gamblers spent more on loot boxes and other microtransactions than non-gamblers.

Question 26

4) porn addiction

Answer 26

- de alarcon ( 2019) FOUND: - HARMS: higher rates of erectile dsyfunction in young people linked to higher % of online pornography consumption - less harm for women - body image issues - diminished sexual satisfaction - desensitisation - higher likelihood to pay for sex

Question 27

4) behavioural/ substance addiction debates with food addicitons

Answer 27

schulte et al ( 2017)- FOUND: Overall, the current state of the literature suggests that the substance-based food-addiction perspective, rather than eating as a behavioral addiction, most appropriately reflects the interaction between an individual's propensity for addiction, behavioral patterns of engagement that elevate addictive potential, and the possible role of high-fat, high-sugar foods to trigger and perpetuate the addictive-like phenotype.

Question 28

4) cryptocurrency as a form of gambling

Answer 28

-Andrade and Newall ( 2023) FOUND: enable high-frequency, compulsive trading like gambling Behavioural similarities to gamblers: loss-chasing, impulsivity Cryptocasinos are unregulated, easily accessed, and advertised in sports Risks include: fraud, scams, market manipulation, underage access Social media hype distorts perceived risk NFTs & P2E games also show speculative, gambling-like traits Lack of regulation + anonymity increases harm Policy challenges: need for ad restrictions, financial education, new regulation More research needed to guide regulation and compare crypto-trading vs gambling behaviours

Question 29

4) latest perspectives on gambling related harm

Answer 29

Wardle et al ( 2024)- - gambling is becoming increasingly digital, more harmful than we previously thought, government action is needed urgently, international integration

Question 30

4) INDIVIDUAL VS. POPULATION LEVEL INTERVENTION

Answer 30

Rose ( 1985)- FOUND: its better to take a population approach to address the causative factors of a disease ( addiction) than a high risk approach that tackles vulnerable individuals

Question 31

3/4) evidence for loot boxes

Answer 31

Zendle & cairns, 2018 A large-scale survey of gamers (n = 7,422) found evidence for a link (η2 = 0.054) between the amount that gamers spent on loot boxes and the severity of their problem gambling. This link was stronger than a link between problem gambling and buying other in-game items with real-world money (η2 = 0.004), suggesting that the gambling-like features of loot boxes are specifically responsible for the observed relationship between problem gambling and spending on loot boxes.

Question 32

3/4) critical review of loot box research

Answer 32

Mcaffery, 2023 identified the following gaps in the research scape around loot boxes that need to be adressed before policy is informed: - lacks conceptual foundations - lacks policy related research - Lack of evidence of serious, widespread, and economically meaningful harm caused by loot boxes

Question 33

3) critques of the brain disease model

Answer 33

2017: frederik rotgers- bioethical issues, takes away autonomy as the brain changes raises issue of paternalism Reinout Weirs- at present, none of these claims has been proven beyond dispute.

Question 34

3) OGS of the brain disease addiction model (BDMA)

Answer 34

Koob and Volkrow ( 2010)

Question 35

2) neuroscientific evidence for role of dopamine

Answer 35

Bergh (1997)

Question 36

2) neuroscientific evidence for role of vmpfc

Answer 36

potenza ( 2013)