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Behaviourist Approach Flashcards

1
Q

What is assumption 1 of the behaviourist approach?

A

Humans are born like a blank slate
- tabula rasa

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2
Q

Humans are born like a blank slate
-be
-as1

A
  • new borns are born almost completely neutral
    = only basic responses
  • moulded by their environment
  • through experience- nothing is innate
    NURTURE- upbringing, ignores biological bases
    DETERMINISTIC- environment is responsible and determines our behaviour
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3
Q

What is assumption 2 of the behaviourist approach?

A

Behaviour is learned through conditioning

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4
Q

Behaviour is learned through conditioning
-be
-as2

A

CLASSICAL- PAVLOV’S dogs
>association
> previous unlearned response & neutral stimulus
> conditioned stimulus & conditioned response
OPERANT- SKINNER’S rats
>consequences
> more voluntary
> positive/negative reinforcement

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5
Q

What is assumption 3 of the behaviourist approach?

A

Humans and animals learn in similar ways

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6
Q

Humans and animals learn in similar ways
-be
-as3

A
  • generalise animals to humans
  • product of their environment
  • behaviour determined by stimulus response
  • conditioning on animals- effect
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7
Q

Humans and animals learn in similar ways
-be
-as3

A

CLASSICAL- aversion therapy
eat unhealthy, mild shock, aversion created, craving reduced
OR pleasurable stimulation so they continue to eat
OPERANT- token economy
- behaviour modification through a physical gain
- use with disabled people and those with mental illnesses

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8
Q

What is the therapy for the behaviourist approach?

A

AVERSION THERAPY

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9
Q

What is component 1 of aversion therapy?
-be

A

Classical conditioning

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10
Q

Classical conditioning
-be
-c1

A
  • pair unwanted behaviour with the unpleasant stimulus
  • you the avoid this behaviour due to the conditioned response
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11
Q

What is component 2 of aversion therapy?
-be

A

Covert sensitisation

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12
Q

Covert sensitisation
-be
-c2

A
  • same principles as classical conditioning minus the unpleasant stimulus
  • imagine the scenario
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13
Q

What is component 3 of aversion therapy?

A

Operant conditioning

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14
Q

Operant conditioning
-be
-c3

A
  • once association has been made they avoid future contact with a situation that may lead to unwanted behaviour
  • negative reinforcement motivates them to avoid it
  • e.g. an alcoholic avoiding a pub
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15
Q

What is component 4 of aversion therapy?

A

New developments

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16
Q

New developments
-be
-c4

A
  • use some drugs
  • TRYPTOPHSN METABOLITES
  • mix with alcohol which induces nausea
  • gives aversive effect
  • when u avoid alcohol- induces tranquillity
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17
Q

Effectiveness of aversion therapy
👍RESEARCH SUPPORT
-be

A
  • alcoholics showed a higher level of abstinence than counselling
  • 300 smoker 52% shock- 1 year abstinence- SMITH
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18
Q

Effectiveness of aversion therapy
X TREATING THE SYMPTOM AND NO THE CAUSE
-be

A
  • once the act stops they may still want to
  • don’t find the deeper root of the problem
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19
Q

Effectiveness of aversion therapy
X PATIENT DROP OUT
-be

A
  • 50% of patients refuse treatment/ drop out
  • only willing participants participate
    BANCROFT
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20
Q

Effectiveness of aversion therapy
X EFFECTS MAY NOT BE LONG TERM
-be

A
  • may appear to recover but overt back
  • re-lapse in 6months or year etc
  • may not be effective/ useful in long term situations
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21
Q

Ethics of aversion therapy
X TREATMENT OF HOMOSEXUALITY
-be

A
  • used to treat homosexuality till 2006
  • place men in very unpleasant situations
  • given drugs and show images of pin-up males
  • extremely unethical
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22
Q

Ethics of aversion therapy
X CONTROL
-be

A
  • unpleasant impact on the patient
  • electric shocks/ vomit-inducing drugs
  • criticised for the therapist having too much control
  • MAY CAUSE ADDITIONAL TRAUMA
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23
Q

What was the research conducted in the behaviourist approach?

A

WATSON AND RAYNOR
- can fear be conditioned?
- conditioned emotional reactions

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24
Q

METHODOLOGY
for Watson and Raynor’s research
- be

A
  • controlled observation
  • LITTLE ALBERT
    healthy development, unemotional, stability=reason
  • not a case study
    no in-depth study of background or life
  • not an experiment
    not manipulating IV to see effect on the DV
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25
PROCEDURE for Watson and Raynor's research# -be
1) establish emotional response 2) transfer conditioned response to other stimuli 3) effect of time 11.3- white rat, loud noise 11.10- repeat joint representations 11.15- rabbit/dog 11.20- change location 12.21- santa clause mask, fur
26
FINDINGS for Watson and Raynor's research -be
11.3- rat - fell forward 11.10- rat - fell, cried, crawled 11.15- rat-fell over- CW- kicked away 11.20- rat - bent over crying 12.21- SC mask- cried/ whimpered
27
How did Watson and Raynor's research disagree with Freud?
- sexual event concerning mother - all transferred in fear of furry things - behaviourist = simpler way
28
CONCLUSIONS for Watson and Raynor's research -be
CAN FEAR BE CONDITIONED? - yes no signs of fear before and signs of fear after CAN IT BE TRANSFERRED? - yes due to stimulus generalisation - rabbit and the dog DOES THE CONDITONED RESPONSE CHANGE OVER TIME? - yes it will persist weeks or even months later EMOTIONAL RESPONSE REMOVED? - no it is likely to persist but Albert moved away - they ere going to recondition him using candy as a pleasant stimulus
29
INCIDENTAL FINDINGS of Watson and Raynor's research -be
- Little Albert sucked his thumb for comfort - this made the fear response disappear - blocked out the fear response
30
Methodological issues with Watson and Raynor's research 👍HIGH LEVELS OF CONTROL -be
- controlled environment - extraneous variables controlled for - the study was filmed X low ecological validity
31
Methodological issues with Watson and Raynor's research X SAMPLE -be
- only 1 participant - no control group - cannot be generalised - repeated exposure
32
Ethical issues with Watson and Raynor's research X INFORMED CONSENT -be
- not true consent - mother did not fully know what was happening to her child
33
Ethical issues with Watson and Raynor's research X CONFIDENTIALITY -be
- given mothers full name and occupation - made Little Albert identifiable
34
Ethical issues with Watson and Raynor's research X PROTECTION FROM HARM -be
- did not leave in the same mental state and was more distressed
35
Ethical issues with Watson and Raynor's research X RIGTH TO WITHDRAW -be
- non-verbal could not say to leave as he was too young to speak - cried (findings)
36
Social implications of Watson and Raynor's research -be
EDUCATION - classroom environments WORKPLACE - google (productivity-no uniform) LAW- Qs of responsibility HEALTH- association used in health campaigns FAMILIES- condition children (nurture/rearing)
37
Alternative evidence of Watsons and Raynor's research X OH MOHWRER -be
- operant conditioning/ maintenance of phobias - TWO PROCESSS THEORY
38
Alternative evidence of Watson and Raynor's research X SELIGMAN -be
- genetically programmed to rapidly learn association - ANCIENT FEARS- heights
39
Scientific benefits of Watson and Raynor's research -be
- more people were helped than harmed - thousands of children helped
40
What is the DEBATE in the behaviourist approach?
Should conditioning techniques be used on children
41
What is theme 1 in the behaviourist debate?
Effectiveness of conditioning
42
What is the FOR argument for the effectiveness of conditioning? -be -deb THEME 1
- positively changes behaviour LOVITT operant is effective on children with disabilities -token e create procedure, maintain > EMPLOYABLE ECONOMICALLY - learn to follow instructions
43
What is the AGAINST argument for the effectiveness of conditioning -be -deb -THEME1
- negatively modify behaviour DWECK - 'learned helplessness' believe they have no control and give up > ECONOMY- GIVE UP- BENEFITS ETC - worsen MH long term
44
What is theme 2 in the behaviourist debate?
Conditioning at home
45
What is the FOR argument for conditioning at home? -be -deb -THEME 2
- parents get the desired behaviour off their child UNI OF MICHIGAN 'naughty step' = no harm physical - aggressive ns= no adverse effect > SOCIAL- parent can improve Cs behaviour - improves child-parent relationship
46
What is the AGAINST argument for conditioning at home? -be -deb THEME 3
- If parents do not accurately do it it could mentally damage their child MORRIS- inconsistency of naught step - if the parents slip up it can confuse the child SI - leads to isolation so they withdraw from socialising - manipulative behaviour unethical
47
What is Theme 3 of the behaviourist debate?
Conditioning in schools
48
Theme 3 - conditioning in schools FOR argument -be
-aids children massively SKINNER- reinforcement helps to motivate MCALLISTER- avoided disapproval from teacher so stopped talking in class SI- more educated and focused, contribute more to economy in future - higher attainment means they will perform better in school
49
Theme 3 - conditioning in schools AGAINST argument -be
- use of rewards in school have a negative impact long term ARTICLE- only behave well for a reward- undermines intrinsic motivation DECI supports this claim as his college students gave up when others didn't SI- long term selfish as they will only do things to benefit themselves - this kills intrinsic motivation which is not effective at all
50
Is the behaviourist approach deterministic or free will?
Deterministic
51
Deterministic be
X environment shapes up X born as blank slate X addictions and phobias can be created through classical conditioning X this removes moral and personal responsibility of choices and behaviour
52
Is the behaviourist approach Reductionist or Holistic?
Reductionist
53
Reductionist be
- simple stimulus response relationships - humans and animals learn in the same way = CONDITIONED SIMILARLY - treatments and interventions can be made more effective as we can pinpoint the cause to develop
54
How is the behaviourist approach applied to society?
- systematic desensitisation to treat phobias - GILL- parents reward children for doing chores - this benefits the population as it provides evidence to show the approach is valid
55
Is the behaviour approach idiographic or nomothetic?
Nomothetic
56
Nomothetic be
- develop general laws regarding learning- ALL born as a blank state - applied universally to explain behaviours - considered scientifically= generalised= easier to replicate
57
Is the behaviourist approach nature or nurture?
Nurture
58
Nurture be
X assumes behaviour is learnt from birth onwards X only see as external to the individual X does not accept internal, innate nature based causes X only explores environmental factors X cannot fully explain all human behaviour
59
Is the behaviourist approach Scientific or Unscientific?
Scientific
60
Scientific be
- uses experimenting - forming hypothesis- considered to be a scientific approach - adds credibility to the approach and supports key concepts

Psychology C1 (5 decks)

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