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Psychology C1 > Cognitive Approach > Flashcards

Cognitive Approach Flashcards

1
Q

What is assumption1 of the cognitive approach?

A

Internal mental processes

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2
Q

Internal mental processes
-cog

A

> humans are information processors
respond and interpret their environment to react appropriately
PERCEPTION
- notice object/event
ATTENTION
-pay attention using sensory stimuli
MEMORY
- search stores to find a “match”
LANGAUGE
- use knowledge to name

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3
Q

What is assumption 2 of the cognitive approach?

A

Schemas

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4
Q

Schemas
-cog

A

“mental shortcut”
> organised packs of information stored in memory
> built/expand through experience
> link concepts together- interpret and react to them
> predict from past experiences
> not always accurate- individual experiences
BARTLETT- war of ghosts

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5
Q

What is assumption 3 of the cognitive approach?

A

The computer analogy

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6
Q

The Computer Analogy
-cog

A

input, process, output
ATKINSON & SHIFFRIN - encoding
- The multistore memory model - capacity
SENSORY - duration
> sense
>1/4-1/2 a second
SHORT TERM
> acoustic
> 7 * or - 2 items
> 0-18s
LONG TERM
> semantic
> unlimited, lifetime
hardware/software

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7
Q

What is the therapy for the cognitive approach?

A

Cognitive behavioural therapy

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8
Q

What are the aims of CBT?
c

A
  • to alter the process part of thinking as it is thought to be faulty if a person has a mental health disorder
  • they do this by challenging thoughts and goal setting
  • this should replace with healthy thinking
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9
Q

What is component one of CBT?
c

A

Dysfunctional thought diary

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10
Q

Dysfunctional thought diary
c

A

1) record emotions and rate belief in them
2) write a rational response
3) re-rate original automatic thought

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11
Q

What is component 2 of CBT?
c

A

Cognitive restructuring

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12
Q

Cognitive restructuring
c

A

‘therapy in therapy’
- therapist questions their thoughts with a counterstatement to challenge their beliefs
1) highlight false beliefs
2) avoid catastrophising ANT- auto- tho
3) results in rational response

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13
Q

What is component 3 of CBT?
c

A

Pleasant activity scheduling

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14
Q

Pleasant activity scheduling
c

A

BEHAVIOURAL PART
- plan for each day of the week
sense of achievement, break routine
- behavioural activation
help to change behaviour
-outcome
= maladaptive behaviour, move away from thinking, CAN control it

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15
Q

Applying internal mental processes to CBT
c

A
  • dysfunctional thought diary
  • CBT targets through cognitive restructuring
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16
Q

Applying schemas to CBT
c

A
  • COGNITIVE TRIAD- self, world, future
  • CBT challenges negative schemas
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17
Q

Applying the computer analogy to CBT
c

A
  • therapist attempts to change process due to it being ‘faulty’
  • think rationally
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18
Q

Effectiveness evaluation of CBT
1) RESEARCH SUPPORT
c

A

CAHILL ET AL
- adopted a healthier mindset
- 71% completed the session
- found significant symptom reduction
X only if fully completed

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19
Q

Effectiveness evaluation of CBT
2) Empowerment
c

A
  • make their own choice, free will
  • have their own part in the process
  • not just told what to do they have their own say
  • take control themselves
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20
Q

Effectiveness evaluation of CBT
4) X Individual differences
c

A

X requires motivation and commitment
X have to be willing to change - beliefs
SIMONS ET AL- less effective if the client has environmental triggers

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21
Q

Effectiveness evaluation of CBT
3) X Therapist competence
c

A

KUYKEN & TSIVIRIKOS
X 15% of variance in outcomes is attributable to therapist competence
X relies on their skill set- plan, help, organise, understand
X more harmful- vulnerable people are in the hands of others

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22
Q

Ethics evaluation of CBT
1) X Patient blame
c

A

X CBT assumes the client is responsible for disorder
X situational factors overlooked- family issues- not in a position to change- blaming isn’t helpful- feel worse
X may take other aspects to make them feel better

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23
Q

Ethics evaluation of CBT
2) X Psychological harm
c

A

X therapist’s subjective idea on what is rational thinking
X ALLOY/ABRAHAMSON- depressive realists= rational
X don’t distort positively like ‘normal’ people
- damage their self esteem
- sadder but wiser effect

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24
Q

What is the research of the cognitive approach and who conducted it?

A

Reconstruction of auto-mobile destruction
LOFTUS AND PALMER

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25
What were the aims of Loftus and Palmer's research? c
- To investigate whether leading questions simply bias a persons response or actually alter the memory that is stored
26
How does the computer analogy link to eye witness testimonies in Loftus and Palmer's research? c
INPUT- witness encodes details of crime into their long term memory PROCESS - over time, parts of the memory are forgotten or modified OUTPUT - when witness retrieves memory from the storage the memory of event is reconstructed
27
What is experiment 1 in Loftus and Palmer's research? c
To see if speed estimates were influenced by the verbs used in the questions asked.
28
What is the methodology of experiment 1 in Loftus and Palmer's research? c
- lab experiment - independent groups design - 45 students- 5 groups of 9 - opportunity sampling
29
What is the procedure of experiment 1 in Loftus and Palmer's research? c
- watched the same 7 clips - fill in the questionnaire - how fast when the cars -smashed, hit ,bumped, contacted each other?
30
What are the findings of experiment 1 in Lofts and Palmer's research? c
- 40.8 smash - 31.8 contact - memory is not always reliable - leading questions can affect the accuracy of a persons memory
31
What are the conclusions of experiment 1 in Loftus and Palmer's research? c
- response bias - memory is altered
32
What is the methodology of experiment 2 in Loftus and Palmer's research? c
- lab experiment - independent groups design - opportunity sample of 150 students- 3 groups of 50
33
What is the procedure of experiment 2 in Lofts and Palmer's research? c
- all watched short film - group1- smash - group2- hit - group3- none control group - did you see any broken glass?
34
What are the findings of experiment 2 in Loftus and Palmer's research? c
31%- smash- saw glass 14%- hit- report seeing glass 6/44 said they saw glass- group3
35
What are the conclusions of experiment 2 in Loftus and Palmer's research? c
1) memory alteration 2) leading questions alter the persons memory of event 3) memory is reconstructed
36
Evaluation of Lofts and Palmer's research Methodology and Procedures 1) Research method c
- establish cause and effect - control variables - gives internal validity - controlled setting
37
Evaluation of Loftus and Palmer's research Methodology and Procedures 2) Experimental design c
- independent groups design - no order effects - no participant variables
38
Evaluation of Loftus and Palmer's research Methodology and procedures 3) X Ecological validity c
- watched film clips - did not see the real accident - FOSTER ET AL
39
Evaluation of Loftus and Palmer's research Methodology and procedures 4) X Sample students c
- lack population validity - all university students - SCHALTER ET AL
40
Evaluation of Loftus and Palmer's research Internal validity c
- operationalise variables - standardised procedures
41
Evaluation of Loftus and Palmer's research External validity c
- no population, ecological or temporal validity
42
Evaluation of Loftus and Palmer's research Internal reliability c
- inter-rater reliability - split half test
43
Evaluation of Loftus and Palmer's research External reliability c
- test-retest method - suggest to improve
44
Ethics evaluation of Loftus and Palmer's research Deception c
- not serious, no refusal X not told the aims of the study
45
Ethics evaluation of Loftus and Palmer's research Informed consent c
- retrospective consent, given a debrief X naive to aims so could not give
46
Ethics evaluations of Loftus and Palmer's research Right to withdraw c
- not forced free to leave whenever X Loftus was their professor so they may have felt obliged to continue or felt unable to refuse
47
Ethics evaluation of Loftus and Palmer's research Protection from harm c
huge strength - avoided any distress - shown film clips
48
Scientific benefits to Loftus and Palmer's research c
- developed understanding of reliability of eye witness testimonies - reduced emphasis placed on it in criminal trials
49
Social implications of Loftus and Palmer's research c
LAW - financial cost of retrials & compensation paid to wrongly convicted (124 billion a year)
50
Alternative evidence to Loftus and Palmer's research c
BRUAN ET AL Disneyland- recalled seeing characters that are not there - false memories planted/ altered
51
What is the topic of the debate for the cognitive approach?
The reliability of eye witness testimonies
52
What is theme 1 of the cognitive approach?
Crimes are emotive experiences
53
Theme1 : Crimes are emotive experiences FOR argument c
CAHILL AND MCGAUGH - flash-bulb memory = accurate, long-lasting - adrenaline = enhances storage of memory - more reliable memory = emotion surrounding crime
54
Theme1: Crimes are emotive experiences AGAINST argument c
FREUD & YERK-DODSON - law of stress- increase and decrease levels - detrimental to memory - trauma- forced into unconscious mind - repression- ego defence mechanisms - 'motivated forgetting' = not reliable - too traumatising crime memory
55
What is theme 2 for the cognitive debate?
Methods which can improve eye witness testimonies
56
Theme2: Methods which can improve EWT FOR argument c
FISHER & GEISELMAN -The Cognitive Interview - done in response to ineffective police interviews - enhance memory recall 1) context reinstatement 2) report everything 3) recall from changed perspective 4) recall in reverse order 'reduce impact of leading questions'
57
Theme2: Methods which can improve EWT AGAINST argument c
LOFTUS AND PALMER - effect of leading questions e1- response bias, memory is altered e2- memory alteration -- memory reconstruction -- alter persons memory of event
58
What is theme 3 of the cognitive debate?
Child witnesses are not reliable
59
Theme3 : Child witnesses are not reliable FOR argument c
DAVIES ET AL -6&7, 10&11, accurate in their memory of event - don't make things up or deliberately lie when giving testimony - not altered by adult suggestions after an event - research uses 'adult' as 'target' individual
60
Theme3 : Child witnesses are not reliable AGAINST argument c
POZZULO & LINDSAY - prone to fantasy affected by suggestions - LINE UPS- meta analysis U15- less likely to identify 5-13- more incorrect choices in target absent condition as they feel they cannot day no so still give some answer - do as asked - FALSE POSITIVE
61
Is the cognitive approach deterministic or free will?
Deterministic
62
Deterministic c
- proposes all behaviour is caused by proceeding factors= predictable SCHEMA- humans develop interpretations of environment through social interactions PIAGET- stereotypes through schemas - how you treat others is determined X removes moral responsibility
63
Is the cognitive approach reductionist or holistic?
Reductionist
64
Reductionist c
- reduces to construent parts- internal mental processes - humans similar to computers > explain and improve memory by pin pointing
65
How is the cognitive approach applied to society?
CBT is successful - memory retrieval and mental health illness - positive influence on law- reliability of EWT - Loftus leadings Qs- police interviews
66
Is the cognitive approach idiographic or nomothetic?
Nomothetic
67
Nomothetic c
- establish laws and generalisations - process info in similar ways- compare humans to computers X personal factors ignored X overlooks the contribution of emotion X fails to see other causes of the problem
68
Is the cognitive approach nature or nurture?
INTERACTIONIST
69
Interactionist c
X does not consider either enough - social and innate factors schema- environment process in mind- internal X PIAGET- influence of culture- development of thinking in children X too simplistic X don't consider genetics, social or cultural factors
70
Is the cognitive approach scientific or unscientific?
- research carried out in a controlled environment - objective, scientific method of research - tends to be falsifiable - establish cause and effect - brain scanning techniques/lab based experiment - reliable=replicable - high levels of internal validity

Psychology C1 (5 decks)

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