Beyond childhood

Question 1

what are physical changes of puberty

Answer 1

sexual maturity
growth spurt

Question 2

what happens to brain development during puberty

Answer 2

Increase white matter, decrease grey matter
Greater plasticity in the brain (more sensitive to input)

Question 3

when is early adolescence

Answer 3

11-14 years

Question 4

when is middle adolescence

Answer 4

15-17 years

Question 5

when is late adolescence

Answer 5

18+ years

Question 6

what does the storm and stress model include

Answer 6

conflict with parents
mood disruption

Question 7

Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development

Answer 7

Different “conflict” at each stage which must be resolved successfully

Question 8

what did Erikson suggest is a key part of adolescence

Answer 8

identity crisis

Question 9

who developed an interview technique to assess identity crisis stages

Answer 9

Marcia (1966)

Question 10

what are the 4 identity statuses found by Marcia

Answer 10

diffusion
foreclosure
moratorium
achievement of identity

Question 11

what is diffusion

Answer 11

haven’t started thinking about it seriously (no identity crisis or commitment)

Question 12

what is foreclosure

Answer 12

formed commitment without having explored possibilities

Question 13

what is moratorium

Answer 13

still considering alternatives

Question 14

what is achievement of identity

Answer 14

been through crisis and reached a solution

Question 15

why is adolescence often viewed as a period of turbulence

Answer 15

Conflict with parents, risky behaviour, mood disruptions

Question 16

why is a more modified view of adolescence necessary

Answer 16

Not experienced by all adolescents
Over-exaggerated

Question 17

when does conflict intensity peak

Answer 17

middle adolescence

Question 18

evidence of conflict not being as high as expected

Answer 18

Only 1/6 of parents and 1/3 of adolescents reported conflicts (Rutter et al., 1976)
often concern mundane matters

Question 19

evidence of mood disruption

Answer 19

Adolescents report more mood disruptions than children or adults

Some longitudinal studies report negative affect (Buchanan et al. 1992)

Question 20

what type of cultures may lead to more conflict

Answer 20

Cultural trends favouring individualism may lead to more conflict

Question 21

summary of young adulthood

Answer 21

Acquisition & utilization of knowledge at peak
Achieve maturity
Erikson’s conflict: intimacy vs. isolation

Question 22

young adulthood ages

Answer 22

20-40

Question 23

summary of middle adulthood

Answer 23

Some decline, but also intellectual stability
Peak of career achievement
Erikson’s conflict: generativity vs. stagnation

Question 24

middle adulthood ages

Answer 24

40-64 years

Question 25

late adulthood summary

Answer 25

Memory and other abilities decline; some might remain stable Erikson’s conflict: integrity vs. despair

Question 26

late adulthood ages

Answer 26

64 years

Question 27

what are Piaget's formal operations

Answer 27

logic, inferential reasoning, planning, ability to think about abstract concepts, hypothetical situations

Question 28

criticisms of Piaget's formal operations

Answer 28

limited to straightforward situations, not complexities & vagaries of real-life situations

Question 29

3 themes of postformal thinking

Answer 29

Realization of “realitivistic” nature of knowledge Acceptance of contradiction Integration of contradiction into a whole concept

Question 30

what cognitive gains occur from adolescence to adulthood

Answer 30

information processing social cognition

Question 31

what cognitive changes occur between young and middle adulthood

Answer 31

general stability with some decreases

Question 31

where has there been evidence of increase in cognitive ability young to middle adulthood

Answer 31

inductive reasoning, vocabulary, verbal memory, & spatial orientation peak from 40-60yrs

Question 32

what occurs during middle to late adulthood

Answer 32

General decline in cognitive ability largest difference in perceptual speed

Question 33

what did Schaie et al find

Answer 33

Decline in ages 60-67 in all tested areas except verbal recall

Question 34

what is terminal decline

Answer 34

Cognitive functioning often lower several years prior to death

Question 35

example of ability that remains in tact over lifetime

Answer 35

analytical reasoning

Question 36

what affects cognitive decline

Answer 36

Relationship between physical health and cognitive ability type of job genetic influences