social development

Question 1

what did Vygotsky argue learning is a result of

Answer 1

interaction between a child and a more knowledgeable individual

Question 2

what did Vygotsky argue about culture

Answer 2

provides the context within which interactions take place

Question 3

what does Vygotsky argue about language

Answer 3

provides the means through which meanings are shared

Question 4

what does ZPD stand for

Answer 4

zone of proximal development

Question 5

what is ZPD

Answer 5

difference between actual performance and potential
performance

Question 6

why is external monologue important

Answer 6

Transition from language as tool for communication to a tool for thought
Help organize and plan behaviour

Question 7

what age does external monologue become internalised as inner speech

Answer 7

7 years

Question 8

what did Piaget see monologue as

Answer 8

evidence of egocentrism

Question 9

What does Bruner’s explanation of scaffolding display

Answer 9

How knowledge is passed from expert adult to novice child

Question 10

what is recruitment in scaffolding

Answer 10

engaging interest of child

Question 11

what is reduction of degrees of freedom

Answer 11

reducing number of acts required by simplifying

Question 12

what is direction maintenance

Answer 12

keeping motivation up

Question 13

what is marking critical features

Answer 13

highlighting relevant features

Question 14

what is demonstration

Answer 14

modelling solutions

Question 15

how is there evidence of social development being uniquely human

Answer 15

Many of the behaviours that distinguish us are supported by social learning e.g. cultures, tools and technology

Question 16

evidence against social learning as uniquely human

Answer 16

many animals learn socially, some even exhibit culture, even if not as complex

Question 17

how is emulation different from imitation

Answer 17

emulation - focus on end results
imitation - actions and end results

Question 18

what is the cultural intelligence hypothesis

Answer 18

Humans have evolved special social-cognitive skills e.g. theory of mind and cooperation

Question 19

what is shared intentionality

Answer 19

Natural tendency to want to share information or combine efforts toward common goals.

Question 20

what is important about the role of an observer

Answer 20

primed to attend to demonstrater’s cues

Question 21

how is self recognition tested

Answer 21

mirror test

Question 22

mirror test procedure

Answer 22

16 infants in 6 age groups
compared rouge and non-rouge conditions

Question 22

Povinelli et al procedure

Answer 22

Sticker unobtrusively placed on head
Videos and photos taken of 2-4-yr-olds
Showed them videos/photos after delay

Question 22

povinelli et al findings

Answer 22

Older 3 & 4 yrs: reached for sticker
Younger children did not

Question 23

when does full temporal sense of self develop according to Povinelli

Answer 23

after 3 years

Question 24

what is person permanence

Answer 24

internal representations of a social being

Question 25

when does person permanence develop

Answer 25

18 months

Question 26

Lewis and Brook-Gun's findings familiarity

Answer 26

Different behaviour to familiar vs strange adults (7-9 months) Familiar vs. strange peers (10-12 months)

Question 27

Lewis and Brook-Gun's findings of age social dimensions

Answer 27

Discriminate children and adults by 6-12 months Use verbal age labels by 18-24 months

Question 28

Lewis and Brook-gun's findings of gender social dimensions

Answer 28

Discriminate between women and men strangers (9-12 months) Use verbal gender labels around 19 months

Question 29

when do primary emotions begin to occur

Answer 29

3 months

Question 30

when do fear responses begin to occur

Answer 30

7 months

Question 31

examples of secondary emotions

Answer 31

embarrassment, pride, shame

Question 32

when do secondary emotions begin to occur

Answer 32

2-3 years

Question 33

when can emotions begin to be discriminated

Answer 33

10 weeks

Question 34

what is social referencing

Answer 34

gauge response from care-giver before reacting

Question 35

what does accuracy in recognising emotions lead to

Answer 35

better acceptance by peers

Question 36

what is emotional intelligence linked to

Answer 36

maturation in the pre frontal cortex

Question 37

what are the precursor's for understanding another's mind (Harris)

Answer 37

self awareness capacity for pretence distinguishing reality from pretence

Question 38

what age can individual's solve the sally-anne task

Answer 38

4 year olds

Question 39

how have mental states in language been found to be distinguished

Answer 39

2yrs + use words about internal states (want) 3yrs + use cognitive terms (know, remember)

Question 40

when is ToM achieved

Answer 40

Wellman et al (2001) review of 180 false belief studies Very few 2yr olds Minority 3yr olds 4+ yrs usually passed

Question 41

how did Southgate and Vernetti measure theory of mind

Answer 41

Measured activation in motor cortex of adults (activated when the actor has false belief that ball is in the box)

Question 42

Southgate and Vernetti findings

Answer 42

infants make action prediction based on the agent's beliefs

Question 43

what do children who perform better on false belief tasks tend to have

Answer 43

better language abilities

Question 44

when does understanding surprise occur

Answer 44

4 years

Question 45

when does deception occur and example of testing

Answer 45

5 years alone lie about preferred sticker to puppet to avoid losing it

Question 46

what were the findings of the ambiguous drawing task

Answer 46

5 yr olds could not give a good answer Even some 8 yr olds had trouble

Question 47

when does conceptual change occur of metarepresentations

Answer 47

3-5 years

Question 48

how does ToM develop

Answer 48

concepts not suddenly acquired understanding develops gradually