Beyond Mendelian

Question 1

Beyond Mendelian

Answer 1

• Genetic Linkage
• Semidominent/ co dominant alleles
• Enviromental effect (conditional alleles)
• Variation in chromosomes bumper ( polyploidy and aneuplouidy

Question 2

What is genetic linkage?

Answer 2

• Genetic linkage mease that some genes are stuck together because they are close on the same chromosome
• Example, two beads on a string right next to eachother

Question 3

What are semidominent and co dominent alleles?

Answer 3

• Semi dominant: incomplete, no allele is more dominant than the other. They mix

Co Dominent: both alleles expressed at the same time without blending

Ex;
semi mixes together like paint
co dom shows up side by side without mixing.

Question 4

What are conditional alleles

Answer 4

• alleles that show their effects under certain conditions
• specific environment, temp sensitive alleles.

Question 5

What is a polyploidy?

Answer 5

• when an organism has an extra set of chromosomes. instead of the usual 2

Question 6

What are some plants that are polyploids?

Answer 6

• Wheat
• Strawberries
• Bananas

Question 7

What is an anuploidy?
- How does this happen?

Answer 7

• When a cell has too many or too few chromosomes instead of the normal number
• This happens when there is non disjunction

Question 8

What are some examples of aneuploidiy?

Answer 8

• Trisomy 21 ( extra chromosome) 3 copies of chromosome 21 instead of 2. ( down syndrome)
• Monosomy ( missing a chromosome) when a female only has one x chromosome instead of two

Question 9

What are homologous chromosomes
Who are they from?

Answer 9

• Pairs of chromes.
• One from mama and the other one is from dada

Question 10

What is gene linkage

Answer 10

• happens when 2 genes are on the same chromosome and get inherited together
• since they are close togheth they get passed down together.

Question 11

What is crossing over?
When does it happen? ( which cell division process?)
What is the result of this?

Answer 11

• happens during prophase1 one of meosisi
• homo chromes, pair up and exchange segments of DNA
• Results in genetic diversity

Question 12

If genes are far apart can they cross over, what about if the genes are close together?

Answer 12

• if they are far apart, they are more likely to cross over
• If the genes are close together, they are LESS likely to cross over.

Question 13

What is the key point of gene linkage and crossing over?

Answer 13

• Genes are less likely to cross over if they are linked closely together

Question 14

What are co-dominant alleles?
- Are they both expressed?
- Do the traits show up clearly?
- What is an example?

Answer 14

• Co-dominant alleles are both expressed, and both traits show up clearly.
  Ex; Blood type AB, both A and B alleles are expressed to the person has A AND B proteins

Question 15

What’s the deal with dominant versus recessive mutations?

Answer 15

Dominant: These are the stronger alleles that can hide the recessive trait

Question 16

Functional versus nonfunctional alleles?
- What makes a protein work, and what doesn’t?
- Which one is dominant versus recessive?

Answer 16

• A functional allele makes a protein work ( dominant)
• A non-functional allele doesn’t make a protein work. ( recessive )

Question 17

What is the key point on dominance?

Answer 17

• Dominant alleles produce activity( working protein) that can be seen by the organism while the recessive alleles don’t LACKS activity and only is shown when both alleles are reccessive.

Question 18

A1 Vs A2 casein in milk.
- What does each one have at position 67

Answer 18

A1: Has histidine at position 67 ( think of histamine allergy)

A2: has proline at position 67 ( think of going pro in the league?)

Question 19

Which cows make which Casein?

Answer 19

• Holstein cows, the black and white cows make both
• Jersey cows ( brown and black) only make A2

Question 20

What is Sickle Cell disease?

Answer 20

• Sickle cell disease affects hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.
• A mutation causes one amino acid in hemo which results in a sickles chape cell instead of round

Question 21

Why is sickle cell a problem

Answer 21

• Sickle cells clump together when they ae not carrying oxygen
• Causes pain, organ damage and block blood flow.

Question 22

What is the heterozygous advantage of sickle cell in relation to malaria

Answer 22

• If you have a normal hemoglobin gene and then a sickled one ( r), you don’t have a severe sickle cell disease
• You are more resistant to malaria, which is why the trait is more common in Africa, India, middle east, etc.

Question 23

What is the risk with D1 athletes if they have the heterozygous trait for malaria?

Why?

Answer 23

• 37x higher risk of sudden death during intense exercise.
• Extreme physical activity reduces oxygen levels which can trigger sickling in cells

Question 24

what are some enviroments that affect traits? ( external and internal)?

Answer 24

External: weather, temp, light and air quality

Internal: gene interactions, cell signals, metabolism

Question 25

What are some examples of environmental effects on triats?

Answer 25

- Mendels experiment and test crosses - Chlorophyll degredation - 80 acres farm

Question 26

How does mendels experiment and cross-testing relative to environmental effects on traits?

Answer 26

- environment can influence how genes are expressed even if the code is the same

Question 27

How does chlorophyll degradation relate to environmental effects?

Answer 27

- Leaves change color - Chlorophyll breaks down due to temp and light changes.

Question 28

how does the 80-acre farm relate to environmental effects ( vertical famrimng and light manipulation

Answer 28

- vertical farming: instead of growing in feilds they are grown stacked in doors - Ligh manipulation: changing wavelengths of light to control color and growth

Question 29

What are the gene environment interactions in asthma?

Answer 29

- asthma is influenced by both genes and the environment - genetic risks Environmental triggers - Gene environment interaction

Question 30

What are some risk factors for asthma?

Answer 30

- Early exposure to microbes - Respiratory infections - Allergens - Low socioeconomic status - Stress - Obesity - Occupational exposures - Traffic-related air pollution

Question 31

What is the common garden experiment?

Answer 31

Plants and animals are raised in the same environment to determine whether differences are due to genes or environment.

Question 32

What are growth chambers ( what do they affect)

Answer 32

- Scientists control temperature, light, and humidity to see how different conditions affect development.

Question 33

What is the key takeaway about environment and genes

Answer 33

- it's not only genes; the environment plays a major role in how traits develop.

Question 34

Dizygotic vs mono twins

Answer 34

- Di twins come from two different eggs and 2 different sperm, grow in same womb - Mono twins come from one egg and one sperm

Question 35

What effect does polyploidy have on plants?

Answer 35

- Makes them bigger and makes better crops. Ex: Tetra grapes are larger than di grapes - Seedless watermelons tri pod bc chromes didn't pair properly during meiosis

Question 36

Why is anuploidy more common in older mothers

Answer 36

- the chromosomese dont as tighlty with age.

Question 37

what does aneuploid result in with early human embryos?

Answer 37

- miscarriage.

Question 38

Key takeaways with polyploidy and aneuploidy

Answer 38

- Polyploidy is useful because it makes bigger plants and seedless varieties - Aneuplody happens due to chromosome missegregation and is linked to genetic disorders - Cancer cells have abnormal numbers due to polyploidy or aneuploidy.