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Bfs 3 Final > Bfs Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Bfs Midterm 2 Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Where are baroreceptors located

A

Aortic arch

And each of the carotid sinuses near the area where the common carotid artery bifurcates

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2
Q

Stimulation of V2-receptors causes

A

regulates urine osmotic concentration
by increasing sodium reabsorption

in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and enhancing osmotic permeability of the epithelium cells in the collecting duct

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3
Q

smooth muscle relaxation is caused by

A

increase in cGMP

will lead to stimulation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase, which in turn activates MLCP, leading to dephosphorylation of myosin light chains

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4
Q

The aortic hiatus location

A

in the posterior part of the diaphragm

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5
Q

pharyngeal tonsil location

A

Nasopharynx

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6
Q

olfactory epithelium consists of 3 cell types

A

basal,

supporting, and

olfactory receptor cells.

Basal cells are stem cells that give rise to the olfactory receptor cells. The continuous turnover and new supply of these neurons are unique to the olfactory system

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7
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by

A

poorly reversible airflow obstruction

abnormal inflammatory response in the lungs

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8
Q

Left and right lung difference

A

Right has 3 lobes

Left has 2

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9
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium is found in

A

nasal passage of the upper respiratory tract,
trachea,
bronchi of the lower respiratory tract

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10
Q

Where can fenestrated capillaries be found

A

kidneys,
intestines,
pancreas
endocrine glands

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11
Q

o2 hb dissociation curve shift to right

A

shift to right indicates that the hemoglobin under study has a decreased affinity for oxygen.

This makes it more difficult for hemoglobin to bind to oxygen (requiring a higher partial pressure of oxygen to achieve the same oxygen saturation), but it makes it easier for the hemoglobin to release oxygen bound to it.

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12
Q

Club cells are

A

nonciliated epithelial cells found mainly in bronchioles as well as basal cells found in large airways

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13
Q

Club cell function

A

airway repair after injury,

secretion of antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory proteins,

detoxification

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14
Q

What increases from trachea to alveoli

A

Surface area

(Not sure)

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15
Q

What is isovolumetric contraction

(What occurs)

A

Start of ventricular systole
Atroventricular valves shut (lub sound)

Pressure increase in ventricles
Same volume

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16
Q

Superior mesenteric artery branches

A

Inferior Pancreaticoduodenal Artery.

Jejunal and Ileal Arteries.

Middle and Right Colic Arteries.

Ileocolic Artery.

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17
Q

Hepatic artery branches from

A

Celiac artery

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18
Q

What is mesothelium

A

Epithelium lining

Pleura
Peritoneum
Pericardium

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19
Q

What is the function of surfactant

A

Preventing alveolar collapse

Lowering surface tension

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20
Q

Number of lobular bronchi

A

3 lobes in right

2 in left

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21
Q

What is the most superior structure of the lung root

A

Hilum

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22
Q

Mmhg 120-90

A

Answer is 100

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23
Q

Parts of the mediastinum

A

Superior mediastinum

Inferior mediastinum
- anterior
- middle
- posterior

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24
Q

Ventricular depolarisation

A

Qrs complex

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25
What does atrial systole do
Pumps blood into ventricle Atria contract after depolarisation of atria
26
What relaxes vocal folds
ThyroArytenoid muscles
27
What is superior to thyroid
Thyroid and cricoid Cartilages
28
Subcostal artery is a branch of
arise from the distal descending THORACIC AORTA and course beneath the 12th rib
29
Air flows into the lungs because
atmospheric pressure is greater than pulmonary pressure
30
What constricts the pharynx
The superior, middle, inferior constrictor muscles make up the outer circumferential layer and constrict the pharynx during swallowing
31
In rbc, bicarbonate is exchanged with
Chloride ions
32
What carries baroreceptor signals
Vagus nerve and glossopharyngeal Afferent baroreceptor neurons arising from the carotid sinus are carried in the IXth glossopharyngeal nerves and those fibers relaying sensation from the aortic arch and heart are carried in the Xth vagus nerves
33
Where does the pericardium fuse
-The 2 layers of pericardium (parietal and visceral fuse where the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk exit the heart base. -fibrous pericardium is a conical-shaped sac. Its apex is fused with the roots of the great vessels at base of heart
34
Where does the pericardium fuse part 2
The muscle fibres of the diaphragm combine to form a central tendon. This tendon ascends to fuse with the inferior surface of the fibrous pericardium
35
What channels does hyperpolarisation open
HCN
36
What is the largest layer or aorta
Smooth muscle Tunica media
37
What is the role of cAMP in heart rate
Increase heart rate increase in intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) that raises the rate of action potential generation in the heart pacemaker, the sinoatrial (SA) node
38
If resistance increases, what needs to happen to gradient to keep flow constant
Increase gradient
39
If murmur sounds are heard, where is the flow turbulent
Aortic valve Stenoses or rheumatic mitral valve
40
Subcostal arteries branch from
Descending thoracic aorta T12 along inferior border of the 12th rib
41
When is atrial natriuretic released
Increases in blood volume or pressure Promotes sodium excretion and vasodilation so blood volume and pressure will decrease
42
Pharynx extends till which vertebrae
C6
43
Aortic hiatus enters diaphragm at which vertebral level
T12
44
Which layer of pericardium attaches to diaphragm
Fibrous pericardium
45
Superior rectal artery is a branch of
Inferior mesenteric artery
46
What muscle relaxes vocal cords
Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
47
Thryroid cartilage is attached to what structure that is superior to it
Hyoid bone
48
What is the role of atrial systole
Filling of ventricles
49
Why is the o2 dissociation curve a sigmoid
Binding of one o2 to subunit increases affinity for next binding
50
A left shift in the oxygen dissociation curve is because of
sign of hemoglobin's increased affinity for oxygen high blood pH is a cause
51
Pharyngeal tonsils adenoid are in which part of the pharynx
Nasopharynx
52
Mesothelium consists of
Flat squamous epithelial cells Mesothelial cells
53
What acts as a vasodilator
Bradykinin
54
Which ion channel is responsible for hyperpolerisation in cardiac cells
Inward rectifier potassium channel KIR
55
Which ion channel is responsible for hyperpolerisation in cardiac cells
Inward rectifier potassium channel KIR Influx of potassium causes hyperpolarisation
56
How does cyclic amp regulate cardiac output
Increase in stroke volume And the rate at which heart pumps blood cardiomyocytes, β1AR-mediated cAMP generation regulates chronotropy (heart rate), inotropy (force of contraction) and lusitropy (relaxation
57
Calculate pulse pressure
Systolic-diastolic=x (Top - bottom)
58
Where is the lowest resistance if the flow is laminar flow
Centre
59
Which component increases as we move from trachea to alveoli
Increase in number of airways Decrease in airway diameter Increase in total cross sectional area Reduction in airflow velocity
60
Which dome shaped cell helps in reducing surface tension and detoxification
Pneumocystes type 2
61
What is located superior to the root of the left lung
Left Pulmonary artery and Left superior pulmonary vein
62
How many branches from secondary bronchi in left side
16-20
63
What is found in the posterior mediastinum
Vagus nerve Thoracic aorta Oesophagus From google: thoracic part of the descending aorta, the azygos and the two hemiazygos veins, the vagus and splanchnic nerves, the esophagus, the thoracic duct
64
Superior mediastinum has
Brachiocephalic veins Superior vena cava Vagus and phrenic nerve From google Superior Mediastinum: Organs: thymus, trachea, esophagus. Arteries: aortic arch, brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery. Veins and lymphatics: superior vena cava, brachiocephalic veins, the arch of the azygos, thoracic duct
65
If resistance is doubled what should happen to pressure gradient
Should double Directly proportional From google : The pressure gradient can be viewed as the force driving flow (F), where F = ΔP/R —> flow = change in pressure/resistance
66
In obstructive disease what decreases
FEV1
67
Which arterial branch has chemoreceptors
Carotid artery
68
What makes right border of the heart
Right atrium

Bfs 3 Final (5 decks)

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