What does Vmax mean?
Maximum velocity of the reaction
What does Km mean?
Concentration of substrate that gives half of the Vmax
What type of curve is the oxygen haemoglobin dissociation curve?
Sigmoidal
What causes a right shift in the oxygen haemoglobin dissociation curve?
Increased CO2 Increased Acid Increased 2,3-DPG Increased Exercise Increased Temperature (CADET look right!)
What curve is followed by myoglobin?
Hyperbolic (michaelis menten kinetics)
How does competitive inhibition affect the Km and Vmax?
Vmax remains the same
Km will vary
How does non-competitive inhibition affect the Km and Vmax?
Vmax varies
Km stays the same
What is the key enzyme of glycolysis?
Phosphofructokinase
How much ATP is used and produced in the TCA cycle?
2 ATP used
4 produced
Net = 2 ATP
Where does glycolysis take place?
Cytoplasm
Where does the krebs cycle take place?
Mitochondrial matrix
Where does electron transport occur?
inner mitochondrial membrane
What is responsible for product entry in the TCA cycle?
Hexokinase
What is responsivel for product exit in TCA cycle?
Pyruvate kinase
Which Ig is found in mucosa?
IgA
Which Ig is found in breast milk?
IgA
Which Ig is associated with hypersensitivity?
IgE
What receptors does IgE bind to to bring about a response?
Fc receptors
What is the most common type of antibody?
IgG
What is the first antibody to appear in response to an antigen?
IgM
What bacteria produces endotoxin?
Gram negative bacteria
What bacteria produces exotoxin?
Gram positive bacteria
What antibiotic is used for gram positive cover?
Vancomycin
What are mycin antibiotics used for (e.g. clarithromycin)?
Streptococcal infections
What is the inheritance pattern of CF?
Autosomal recessive (25%)
What are characteristics of an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern?
2 mutated copies required
Parents usually unaffected (carriers)
Not seen in every generation
What is an oncogene?
A gene with the potential to cause cancer
Name an oncogene
ras/myc
What do oncogenes do?
Stimulate cell growth and inhibit death
Name tumour suppressor genes
p53
APC
BRCA1
What is the function of tumour suppressor genes?
Inhibit cell growth and stimulate death
What division of the ANS controls erection?
Parasympathetic
What division of the ANS controls ejaculation?
Sympathetic
Point and Shoot
What cells produce myelin sheath in the PNS?
Schwann cells
What are the insulating cells of the CNS called?
Oligodendrocytes
What is the function of Astrocytes in the CNS?
Homeostasis
What is the function of microglia in the CNS?
Immune surveillance
What colour do gram positive bacteria stain?
Purple
What shapes are gram positive bacteria?
Cocci or Bacilli
What toxin is produced by gram positive bacteria?
Exotoxin
What bacteria is gram positive bacteria in clusters?
Usually staphylococcus (S. aureus)
What bacteria is gram positive bacteria in chains?
Usually streptococcus
S. pneumoniae (alpha haemolytic)
What colour does gram-negative bacteria stain?
Pink
What toxin does gram-negative bacteria produce?
Endotoxin
Define hyperplasia
Increase in cell number
Define Hypertrophy
Increase in cell size
Define atrophy
Decrease in cell size
Define Metaplasia
Change from one mature cell type to another
Define Neoplasia
New growth not in response to stimulus
Define Dysplasia
Disordered growth without stimulus
Define Apoptosis
Organised cell death
