Big Idea 4: Computing Systems & Networks (11-15%) Flashcards
(20 cards)
Computing Device
physical artifact that can run a program, like computers, tablets, servers, routers, and smart sensors
Computing System
group of computing devices and programs working together for a common purpose
Path Between 2 Computing Devices on a Network
sequence of directly connected computing devices that begins at the sender and ends at the receiver
Computer Network
group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data
Routing
process of finding a path from sender to receiver
Bandwidth
computer network is the maximum amount of data that can be sent in a fixed amount of time (usually measured in bits per second)
- Ex. If a lot of people in a house are using the same internet connection, especially video conferencing, there might not be enough bandwidth as the data is sending in the wrong order or slowly
Protocol
agreed-upon set of rules that specify the behavior of a system (Internet Protocols are open so everyone has access: IP, TCP, UDP)
Scalability
capacity for the system to change in size and scale to meet demands
- If more people want to be in a system, minor changes can be made to accommodate the devices
Packets
small amounts of data sent over the Internet that contain data/metadata, including the sources and destination as well as data needed for reassembly
World Wide Web
A system of linked pages, programs, and files that uses the Internet (HTTP is a protocol)
Redundancy
inclusion of extra components that can be used to mitigate failure of a system if other components fail, allows several paths to be taken before losing fault tolerance
Fault Tolerant
when a system can support failures and still continue to function (redundancy is used to establish fault-tolerance)
Transmission Control Protocol
check what packets were received and what order they should go in and if not all packets send properly, a message is sent back to the sender to send that particular packet and recheck
Data Stream
How info is passed through and contain chunks of data, which are encapsulated in packets
Internet
- a computer network consisting of interconnected networks that use standardized, open (nonproprietary) communication protocols
- Message is broken into packets that can be received in any order and still be reassembled by recipient’s device
Sequential Computing
- operations are performed in order one at a time, and it takes as long as the sum of all its steps (add up the time for all of the individual steps), cannot start the next step until the first is completed
- Ex. Attend one class at a time, preparing a family dinner, putting together bikes to donate to a charity
- Task 1 is 60 mins + task 2 is 20 + task 2 is 30 = 110 minutes
Parallel Computing
- program is broken into multiple smaller sequential computing operations and some of which are performed simultaneously, takes as long as its sequential tasks + the longest of parallel tasks, saves time
- Ex. Each member can prepare a different dish at the same time when preparing a family dinner, each friend can help put together a bike
- Ex. Sequential task is 60 + Task 1 is 25 mins + task 2 is 35 + task 3 is 30 = 95 min
- Solution efficiency can be broken down into parallel portions that are limited by a sequential portion
Distributed Computing
- multiple devices are used to run a program (Multiple computers in different places)
- Ex. Various people bring good to a potluck dinner coordfinating bike building/donations
Speedup of a Parallel Solution
- the time it took to complete the task sequentially divided by the time it took complete the task in parallel
- Ex. Speedup is 110/95 = 1.158
Internet Routing
File is broken into packets → Each packet has a header (Source IP Address, Destination Address, etc. so the ENVELOPE) and data (pieces of file being sent) → Packets are sent from the source computer to routers until they end up at the finalm destination → If a router shuts down, path is damaged, or there’s a traffic jam, REDUNDANCY)
